1. Activity 1(e) Observation Making hypothesis Carrying out experiment Recording data and analysing Drawing conclusion Why did many people get flu after contact with birds? Perhaps the birds passed the flu to human. Scientists tried to find out if the patients and the birds got the same virus. Both birds and patients got the same virus. Bird flu was passed from birds to humans.

2. Activity 1(e) QUICK PRACTICE 1.2 The following are steps in a scientific investigation. Arrange them in the correct order. (a)Carry out experiments (b)Record and analyse (c)Make observations (d)Make a hypothesis (e)Draw a conclusion (c)(d)(a)(b)(e)

3. Activity 1(e) 1.How many laboratories are there in your school? 2.What are their names? (You can check them out at their entrances.) 3.Where is your science laboratory(located on which floor)? Activity 1 (f) Laboratory There are four. They are Physics Lab., Integrated Science Lab. Chemistry Lab. and Biology Lab., It is on the 4th floor.

4. Activity 1(e) Science laboratory: bigger with laboratory equipment e.g. gas tap, sink with benches Normal classroom: smaller no laboratory equipment no benches 4.Write down three main differences between a science laboratory and a normal classroom.

5. Activity 1(e) Look at the photos in Fig.1.9 carefully. Try to guess the functions of the following apparatus. Activity 1 (h) Functions of apparatus Apparatus dropper Function reagent bottle conical flask, beaker to a small amount of liquid to store to hold transfer solutions/liquids

6. Activity 1(e) Apparatus Function spatula glass rod to transfer a small amount of to liquids Bunsen burner to things heat-proof mat to protect the safety spectacles to protect your tongs to pick up and hold objects powder stir heat bench eyes hot

7. Activity 1(e) Apparatus Function measuring cylinder gas jar to measure the of liquids to hold test tube to hold a small amount of test tube holder to hold a during heating to hold a during heating test tube rack to hold volume gases liquid test tube test tubes

8. Activity 1(e) Put a red circle around each potential danger. Discuss why it is dangerous and suggest necessary precautions in each case. A FI H G E B D C

9. Activity 1(e) A-I should not enter the laboratory unless the teacher is present. A should tie up her long hair and turn off the gas tap. B should not use a thermometer to stir the liquid. C should not touch the switch with a wet hand.

10. Activity 1(e) E should not smell the chemical directly. He should fan the gas gently to his nose. F should not throw solid waste into the sink. D should not hold the test tube with a bare hand when heating. She should clean up the bench and keep paper away from the Bunsen burner.

11. Activity 1(e) I should clean up the bench and report the breakage to the teacher immediately. Also, she should not touch the wire gauze when it is hot. H should not pour solutions into the beaker from a high position, and he should wear safety goggles. G should not point the mouth of a test tube with hot liquid towards another student.

12. Activity 1(e) QUICK PRACTICE 1.3 ABCDEFGABCDEFG Name Function reagent bottle beaker glass rod tripod heat-proof mat dropper wire gauze to support wire gauze to protect the bench to hold liquids to store solutions to transfer a small amount of liquid to protect the beaker in heating to stir liquids E G F A B C D Apparatus

13. Activity 1(e) XPERIMENT 1.1 Using a Bunsen burner Materials and apparatus Bunsen burner1matches 1 box heat-proof mat1safety spectacles1 test tube1test tube holder1

14. Activity 1(e) The Bunsen flame you now observe is called the yellow flame (luminous flame or quiet flame). irregular 2.(a) Observe the flame of the Bunsen burner. What is the colour and shape of the flame? The flame is in colour and (regular / irregular) in shape. yellow

15. Activity 1(e) Draw the flame in the diagram on the right and colour it with a coloured pencil. the air hole is closed yellow

16. Activity 1(e) 2.(b)Open the air hole slowly. The colour of the flame changes from to. The shape of the flame becomes. The Bunsen burner becomes (quieter / noisier). blue yellow regular noisier

17. Activity 1(e) the air hole is open blue

18. Activity 1(e) Materials and apparatus tongs1Bunsen burner 1 glass tube1heat-proof mat 1 splint1wire gauze 1 pin1matches1 box XPERIMENT 1.2 Investigating the Bunsen flame Demonstration

19. Activity 1(e) (b)Turn on the gas tap and light the Bunsen burner. What happens to the match? This shows that the inner cone of the Bunsen flame is (very hot / not very hot). inner cone match pin chimney It does not light up. not very hot

20. Activity 1(e) 2.(a)Light the Bunsen burner. Open the air hole to produce a blue flame. (b) Hold a splint with a pair of tongs. Put it into the Bunsen flame about 0.5 cm above the chimney for two seconds. (If the splint burns, you can try again and shorten the time to one second.) 0.5 cm splint tongs chimney

21. Activity 1(e) 2.(c)Remove the splint from the Bunsen flame and observe it carefully. Draw what you see. What does this tell us about the hotness of the inner cone? The temperature of the inner cone is not very high.

22. Activity 1(e) At which position does the wire gauze glow first? (b)Now we want to find out which part of the Bunsen flame is the hottest. Put the wire gauze at different positions. It is B. AB C wire gauze

23. Activity 1(e) 3.(c)Mark the hottest part of the Bunsen flame on the diagram with an ‘X’. X

24. Activity 1(e) This shows that the inner cone contains (burnt / unburnt) gas. 4.(a)Hold a glass tube with a pair of tongs. Put one end of the tube into the inner cone of the Bunsen flame. (b)Light the other end with a burning splint. Does it burn? Yes, it does unburnt

25. Activity 1(e) Materials and apparatus test tubes2dropper1 test tube rack1coloured liquid Using a dropper to transfer solution XPERIMENT 1.3

26. Activity 1(e) What will happen if you squeeze the rubber bulb too much? The coloured liquid will be sucked into the. rubber bulb What will happen if you hold the dropper upside down? Should we use the dropper like this? Why? The liquid will go into the and it may be contaminated by left behind in the bulb. rubber bulb other chemicals

27. Activity 1(e) Mixing solution Materials and apparatus test tubes9beaker (100cm 3 )1 test tube rack1different solutions dropper1 XPERIMENT 1.4

28. Activity 1(e) 1.Your teacher will give you eight bottles of solutions labelled A to H. Note the colour of each solution. Write down your observations in the table below. Solution A A Colour B B C C D D Solution E E Colour F F G G H H colourless clear blue colourless clear yellow colourless clear green

29. Activity 1(e) (c)Mix well by shaking the tube. Observe carefully what happens. Write down your observations. The colour of the mixed solution is. yellow Caution If you spill any solution on your hands, wash them immediately in running water.

30. Activity 1(e) Solutions mixed A+BA+B A+BA+B Colour of the solution Is it clear or cloudy? Any solids formed? Any bubbles formed? yellowclearyesno B+CB+Cbrowncloudyyesno A+C white / light blue clearyesno C+Dbluecloudy yes no E+G orange clearno A+Hwhiteclear yes no C+Fblue cloudy yes no

31. Activity 1(e) Caution Wash your hands after the experiment. 4.You can also mix the solutions by pouring them directly out of the bottles into the test tubes. Compared with this, what are the advantages of using a dropper? It is easier to control the amount of solution transferred, and the solution is less likely to spill.

32. Activity 1(e) QUICK PRACTICE 1.4 1.The following are the steps for lighting a Bunsen burner. Arrange them in the correct order. (a)Make sure that the rubber tubing is properly connected to the gas tap. (b)Light a match. (c)Close the air hole. (d)Hold the burning match just above the top of the chimney and turn on the gas tap. (e)Put the Bunsen burner on a heat-proof mat. (a) (e) (c)(b)(d) (c)(e)(b)(d)or

33. Activity 1(e) What units would you use to represent the length of the following things? mmcmm Activity 1 (j) Choosing the unit for measuring lengths

34. Activity 1(e) B A C Three students are measuring the length of a pencil. Who is in the proper position to read the scale? 8 cm 7.5 cm 7 cm It is B. Activity 1 (k) Correct way of measuring lengths

35. Activity 1(e) Using a thermometer to measure temperatures Materials and apparatus thermometer1ice beaker (250 cm 3 )1hot water XPERIMENT 1.6

36. Activity 1(e) 1.Measure the room temperature with a thermometer. The room temperature is ºC. Caution Mercury is poisonous. When you are using a mercury thermometer, extra care needs to be taken. If you accidentally break a thermometer, do not touch the mercury or try to pick up the pieces of broken glass. Inform your teacher immediately.

37. Activity 1(e) 2.What is the temperature of tap water? Caution Do not stir water with a thermometer. You may break the thermometer.

38. Activity 1(e) 3.Your teacher will give you some hot water. What is the temperature of the hot water?

39. Activity 1(e) 4.Your teacher will give you some ice water. What is the temperature of the ice water?

40. Activity 1(e) 5.Hold the bulb of the thermometer in your hand for one minute. What temperature does it show?

41. Activity 1(e) Using a measuring cylinder to measure volumes Materials and apparatus measuring cylinder (100 cm 3 )1 empty cans of similar containersseveral displacement can1 plasticine block1 stone1 thread XPERIMENT 1.9

42. Activity 1(e) (b)The correct reading is taken from the bottom of the meniscus. Also, make sure that your eyes are at the same level as the bottom of the meniscus. (c)The volume of tap water in the above measuring cylinder is cm 3. 79

43. Activity 1(e) Type of container Labelled volume (cm 3 ) Labelled volume (cm 3 ) Measured volume (cm 3 ) Measured volume (cm 3 ) Is the measured volume equal to the labelled volume? If not, can you explain why?

44. Activity 1(e) 1(a)Pour tap water into a measuring cylinder until it is about half full. The volume of water in the measuring cylinder is cm 3. II.Measuring the volumes of irregular solids

45. Activity 1(e) The volume of a solid is equal to the volume of water it displaces. If the plasticine block is divided into two smaller pieces, do you think its volume will change? The new reading is cm 3. The volume of the plasticine block is cm 3.

46. Activity 1(e) Does the volume of the plasticine block change? The reading is cm 3. The volume of the plasticine blocks is cm 3. No, it doesn’t What can you conclude after this step? The volume of a solid does not change even when it is divided into many pieces.

47. Activity 1(e) 3.Some irregular-shaped objects are too large to fit into a measuring cylinder. Their volumes can be measured by a displacement can. (a)Tie a large stone with a thread. (b)Fill the displacement can with water until a small amount runs out of the spout.

48. Activity 1(e) (d)Slowly lower the stone into the displacement can. Measure the volume of water that flows out of the can into the measuring cylinder. Volume of the stone =volume of water collected by the measuring cylinder = cm 3. displacement can spout stone measuring cylinder

49. Activity 1(e) QUICK PRACTICE 1.5 1.Complete the table below. stop-watch timesecond measuring cylinder volumecm 3 Name of the instrument What does it measure? Units of measurement Instrument

50. Activity 1(e) QUICK PRACTICE 1.5 1.Complete the table below. Name of the instrument What does it measure? Units of measurement Instrument thermometertemperature oCoC balance weightkg

51. Activity 1(e) QUICK PRACTICE 1.5 2.State the instrument you will use to measure the following. Also, state the unit in each case. MeasurementInstrumentUnit Temperature of tap water Time required to boil a beaker of water The weight of a 10-cent coin thermometer oCoC stop-watchs/min electronic balance/ balance g

52. Activity 1(e) Three students carry out an experiment to find out which brand of battery, A or B, has a longer life. They use the batteries to power torches until the batteries run out. Brand A batteryBrand B battery Activity 1 (o) Are the experiments fair?

53. Activity 1(e) Anthony’s experiment Leo’s experiment Eric’s experiment new batteries old batteries

54. Activity 1(e) unfair new and old batteries are used fair the bulbs of the two torches are different Are the student’s experiment fair? Anthony’s experiment is (fair / unfair) because. Leo’s experiment is (fair / unfair) because. Eric’s experiment is (fair / unfair) because. all the batteries are new and the bulbs are the same

55. Activity 1(e) A goose down jacket is better at keeping us warm. No! A silk jacket is better. Activity 1 (p) Goose down jacket and silk jacket

56. Activity 1(e) In winter, we often wear a goose down jacket or silk jacket. Do you know which of them is better at keeping us warm? Let us design a fair test to find out. Goose down jacket 1.What is your hypothesis? is better at keeping us warm because better than a silk jacket. it prevents heat loss

57. Activity 1(e) 3.How are you going to carry out the experiment? Draw a diagram to show your experimental set-up. same volume of water goose down jacket silk jacket

58. Activity 1(e) 4.What measurements will you make? I will measure the changes in the of water in the bottles. 5.How can you make sure that your test is fair? I will fill the bottles with (the same / different) amount of hot water. I will measure the changes in water temperature at (the same / different) time. temperature the same

59. Activity 1(e) 6.How will you draw your conclusion? The jacket that covers the bottle with a smaller drop in water temperature is (better / poorer) at keeping us warm. better

60. Activity 1(e) QUICK PRACTICE 1.6 1.Draw a vertical section diagram of each of the following: conical flask a watch glass on a beaker a test tube

61. Activity 1(e) QUICK PRACTICE 1.6 2.Samuel carries out a fair test as shown below to compare the heat energy produced by a yellow flame and a blue flame. thermometers water yellow flame blue flame

62. Activity 1(e) QUICK PRACTICE 1.6 Complete the variable table below. Controlled variables Independent variables Dependent variables amount of water temperature of water at the beginning time of heating the water size of the beakers size of the flame yellow flame or blue flame the rise in water temperature