1. D. Friedman, G. Mattos, D. Rico Presented by Donald Friedman to the Transportation Research Board of the National Academy of Science Washington D.C. January 27, 2011 Jordan Rollover System (JRS) Vehicle Parameter Sensitivity vs Injury

2. This CfIR analysis is part of a continuing effort to evaluate vehicle rollover and test parameters beyond the previously investigated sensitivity of roof strength to weight ratio (SWR) and impact pitch angle, as related to residual and dynamic roof crush and injury potential. The purpose is three fold: To predict the dynamic injury potential performance of as yet dynamically untested vehicles from static tests and vehicle geometry; To contribute to the effort to develop a real world rollover test protocol; To alert government, industry and safety advocates of the lessons learned and their application to other modes, systems and occupants. Introduction

3. Analysis of JRS Data Base*  Parameter Sensitivity to Injury mechanisms  Injury mechanisms and criteria  Parameter sensitivity  Prediction and Mitigation means  Developing a real world protocol  Lessons learned  Applicability to Frontal Impact  Applicability to Side Impact *In the following data, Roll 1 is at 5° and Roll 2 is at 10° pitch

4. Injury Mechanism, Criteria and Measurements In a previous series of papers CfIR identified:  Correlation of residual roof crush and statistical injury potential  Neck Bending as the major injury mechanism  Peak Axial loading in Humans from Roof Crush is unlikely  Bending Injuries occur from the extent (stroke) of roof crush  Primary Injury location is in the lower neck  Primary Measurement is by Lower Neck Load Cells  Axial Neck Alignment and Orientation at 30°+ Flexion  Development of the Integrated Bending Moment (IBM), a Momentum Injury Criteria based on duration of loading.  Development of a Low Durometer Hybrid III Neck  Correlation with IARV and Human Bending Injury Criteria

5. Spinal Injury Criteria and Measures Hybrid III 50 th % Male Dummy  Lower Neck Bending Moment and Duration Peak Axial Neck Load 5 FA Pintar, LM Voo, N Yoganandan, TH Cho, and DJ Maiman, ‘Mechanisms of hyperflexion cervical spine injury’, IRCOBI Conference, Goteborg, September 1998. SP Mandell, et al., "Mortality and Injury Patterns Associated with Roof Crush in Rollover Crashes," Accid. Anal. Prev., 2010.

6. Illustration of IBM Results 6

7. Crown Victoria Dummy Necks in CRIS Tests Roll Caged – Neck not bent Production – Neck Severely bent Although published 15 ms video clips and injury measure data charts show identical results in roll caged and production vehicle necks, by 40 ms the production neck is bending severely.

8. The SWR = 6.8, Scion Xb broke the Neck

9. Major Radius = Distance from the CG to the Roof Rail

13. Residual Crush and Elasticity

15. Residual Roof Crush and Integrated Bending Moment

16. Dynamic Roof Crush and Integrated Bending Moment

17. Residual Headroom = Initial Headroom – Residual Crush Residual Headroom and Integrated Bending Moment

18. Residual Crush vs Road Bed Speed

19. Residual Crush vs Average Road Bed Speed

20. Calculating Independent Roll Rate

21. Residual Crush vs SWR

23. CG Location Relative to A Pillar vs Pitch Propensity

24. CG Location Relative to A Pillar vs Pitch Propensity

25. Residual Crush and Horizontal Distance between CG and A-Pillar

26. R 2 Correlation and Slope of Roof Crush vs. Parameters 5 ° / 10° pitch Major radius (of 41 to 50 inches) 0.793 / 0.830 Elasticity 0.873 / 0.861 Dynamic Dummy Injury Measure (IBM) 0.746 / 0.233 Residual Dummy Injury Measure (IBM) 0.792 / 0.289 Peak Dynamic Headroom and Injury Measure (IBM) 0.642 / 0.427 Residual Headroom and Injury Measure (IBM) 0.659 / ----- Peak Dynamic Headroom and Injury Measure (IARV) 0.289 / 0.252 Road speed and proportional roll rate ----- / 0.371 Road speed and average residual crush ----- / 0.951 Road speed independent of roll rate (20% increase) 0.985 / ~15% Roll rate independent of road speed (20% increase) ----- / ~35% Strength to weight ratio (SWR) 0.410 / 0.068 Curb Weight 0.257 / 0.034 Roll Moment of Inertia 0.274 / 0.166 Major/minor radius difference 0.005 / 0.0002 CG vs A-Pillar location ----- / 0.659

27. Prediction and Mitigation Means CfIR previously showed that residual crush and ejection potential decrease with SWR greater than 3.0 and increase with 10° pitch. This analysis indicates that:  Momentum derived hybrid III dummy injury measures correlate with one roll residual crush injury potential.  Increased major radius results in increased injury potential independent of SWR,  Elastic structures reduce injury potential.  Increasing road speed increases injury potential  Increased roll rate has more substantial effect than road speed  Shifting CG Rearward (Rear seat passengers or load) reduces injury potential by reducing pitch propensity.

28. Developing a real world protocol CfIR has proposed a real world rollover test protocol and normalized the 50 dynamic test already conducted to predict dynamic performance with in the protocol. The University of Virginia sponsored by NHTSA have been given responsibility to developed a real world protocol. By virtue of the relationships developed here the performance can be varied to adjust for road speed and roll rate. To predict the dynamic performance from 5 degree static test data for vehicles with SWR equal to or greater than 3.25; Adjust the rating by the most significant geometric factor with a high correlation and substantial slope which is the major radius at 5 and 10 degrees of pitch. Depending on whether the University of Virginia chooses 5 degrees or concurs with our 10 degrees of pitch real world protocol we would adjust the IIHS rating by incrementing down with greater than 44” major radius and up with less than 44” major radius. Should IIHS conduct a second side test at 10 degrees of pitch and 40 degrees of roll a much more accurate measure of injury performance would result.

29. Lessons learned Conducting Dynamic Rollover tests has provided the following insights:  1/3 the tensed stiffness of the Hybrid III neck more accurately represent the mildly tensed neck of a normal human.  The major rollover injury mechanism is bending.  Peak IARV are not good dummy injury references.  The momentum exchange between roof crush and neck bending is best represented by the Integrated bending moment (IBM).  The IBM correlates with statistical NASS and CIREN data, post crash headroom and roof crush criteria.  The neck orientation should be adjusted to represent human axial alignment.  Correlating the momentum exchange between roof crush and the Integrated bending moment (IBM) injury measure means that we have the equivalent of a frontal and side impact test system with the Hybrid III, particularly for head and neck injury.

30. Applicability to Neck Comparison in 15 mph Frontal Impact Production Neck Low Durometer Neck

31. Applicability to Deploying Side Impact Airbag Window curtain air bags are now in use as head impact protection for side impacts and as such deploy at 100 to 120 mph. Rollover activated window curtain airbags for ejection protection deploy at 25 to 50mph. If the side impact bag is activated during a rollover because of the vehicle side being in proximity to the ground while the occupant is “up and out” against the roof rail the result may be head and brain trauma, diffuse axonal injury, and coma. A solution would be to have two or variable inflators and change the rollover sensing algorithm to override and inhibit the side impact deployment gas generator.

32. The authors welcome feedback and proposals for cooperative research. Please contact: Susie Bozzini susie@centerforinjuryresearch.org

33. Thank You.