1. © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co. Chapter Three Victims and Victimization Criminology 9 th and 10th edition Larry J. Siegel

2. Victimology The study of crime victims and their relationship to the criminal justice process.

3. Question CAN SOCIETY BE A VICTIM OF CRIME? IF SO, HOW?

4. The Problems of Crime Victimization Pain and Suffering Economic Loss Antisocial Behavior Fear System Abuse

5. Questions IN ADDITION TO PROPERTY LOSS, HOW DOES CRIME AFFECT PRODUCTIVITY AND SOCIAL COSTS? WHAT IS THE CYCLE OF VIOLENCE?

6. Declining Crime Rates, 1973-2003

7. Property Crime Victimization Rates, 1973-2003

8. Violent Crime Victimization Rates, 1973-2003

9. The Nature of Victimization Prior Victimization Social Ecology ofVictimization The Victim’s Household Victim Characteristics: Gender, Age, Race, Marital and Social Status ?

10. Violent Crime Rates by Age of Victim

11. Violent Crime Rates by Race of Victim

12. Questions Does a person bear some of the responsibility for his or her victimization, e.g., lifestyle? Should we blame the victim?

13. Lowest Income Are More Likely to be Victimized than the More Affluent

14. Question What factors predict chronic victimization?

15. Three Specific Types of Characteristics Increase the Potential for Victimization Target Gratifiability Target Vulnerability Target Antagonism

16. Theories of Victimization Theories Routine Activities Victim Precipitation Deviant Place Lifestyle

17. Questions According to the victim precipitation perspective, what is the difference between active and passive precipitation? Do you think that schools create a “high risk” lifestyle for teenagers? Are neighborhoods or individual characteristics more important for determining victimization?

18. Routine Activity Theory Felson & Cohen The interaction of three factors! Lacks capable guardians Motivated offenders Suitable targets CRIME

19. The Opportunity Structure of Crime

20. The Government’s Response to Crime Victims 6th Amendment, U.S. Constitution In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 6th Amendment, U.S. Constitution In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. Should the following be added to the Sixth Amendment? “In every criminal prosecution, the victim shall have the right to be present and to be heard at all critical stages of the judicial proceedings.”

22. Victim Service Programs Forms of Victim Services Forms of Victim Services Victim Compensatio n Victim VictimAdvocatesVictimAdvocates PublicEducationPublicEducation Crisis Interventio n Crisis VictimCounselingVictimCounseling Victim-Offender Reconciliation Reconciliation Programs ProgramsVictim-Offender Reconciliation Reconciliation Programs Programs

23. Questions What is “target hardening?” Do you think that self-protection in the form of citizen firearm possession (defensive use) is a reasonable victim prevention tactic? What do studies show? Do you think restorative justice is a legitimate answer to victims and society?