1. 1-1 CHAPTER 1 Life: Biological Principles and the Science of Zoology

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3. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-3 Zoology: Zoology: The scientific study of animal life Introduction

4. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-4 Because life shares a common evolutionary origin, principles learned from the study of one group often pertain to other groups as well Because life shares a common evolutionary origin, principles learned from the study of one group often pertain to other groups as well The Uses of Principles

5. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-5 Fundamental Properties of Life Does Life Have Defining Properties? Does Life Have Defining Properties? What is life? What is life? No simple definition No simple definition The history of life shows extensive and ongoing change called evolution The history of life shows extensive and ongoing change called evolution This common history can be traced backward through time from the diverse forms observed today and in the fossil record to their common ancestor that arose in the atmosphere of the primitive earth This common history can be traced backward through time from the diverse forms observed today and in the fossil record to their common ancestor that arose in the atmosphere of the primitive earth

6. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-6 Fundamental Properties of Life Characteristics of Life Characteristics of Life Made up of specific molecules Made up of specific molecules Hierarchical Organization Hierarchical Organization Reproduce Reproduce Genetic Code Genetic Code Require Energy Require Energy Develop Develop Interact with Environment Interact with Environment Movement Movement

7. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-7 General Properties of Living Systems 1. Chemical Uniqueness: Living systems demonstrate a unique and complex molecular organization Small molecules are assembled into macromolecules: Small molecules are assembled into macromolecules: 1.Nucleic Acids 2. Proteins 3. Carbohydrates 4. Lipids All living organisms contain these macromolecules All living organisms contain these macromolecules

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9. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-9 General Properties of Living Systems 2. Complexity and Hierarchical Organization: Living systems demonstrate a unique and complex hierarchical organization In living systems there exists a hierarchy of levels that includes: In living systems there exists a hierarchy of levels that includes:MacromoleculesCells Tissues Tissues Organ Systems Species/OrganismPopulation

10. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-10 Volvox globator - Green Algae Kingdom Protista - multicellular protist

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12. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-12 General Properties of Living Systems Emergence: The appearance of new characteristics at a given level of organization (need to study all levels) Emergence: The appearance of new characteristics at a given level of organization (need to study all levels) These characteristics are called emergent properties These characteristics are called emergent properties Example: all humans have anatomical structures for speech and hearing, but each population’s communication is different. Example: all humans have anatomical structures for speech and hearing, but each population’s communication is different.

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14. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-14 General Properties of Living Systems 3. Reproduction: Living systems can reproduce themselves At each level of the biological hierarchy living forms reproduce to generate others like themselves: At each level of the biological hierarchy living forms reproduce to generate others like themselves: Genes replicated to produce new genes. Genes replicated to produce new genes. Cells divide producing new cells. Cells divide producing new cells. Organisms reproduce, sexually or asexually, to produce new organisms Organisms reproduce, sexually or asexually, to produce new organisms Populations may fragment to produce new populations Populations may fragment to produce new populations

15. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-15 Reproduction at four levels: Molecular (A)- DNA replication Cellular (B) - Mitosis, Organism (C) - King snake, Species (D) -Sea Urchin

16. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-16 General Properties of Living Systems 4. Possession of a Genetic Program: A genetic program provides : Nucleic Acids: Polymers built of repeated units called nucleotides (A, T, C, G) Nucleic Acids: Polymers built of repeated units called nucleotides (A, T, C, G) DNA: Long, linear, chain of nucleotides containing genetic information - double helix DNA: Long, linear, chain of nucleotides containing genetic information - double helix Sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA determines the order of amino acids in proteins Sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA determines the order of amino acids in proteins Genetic Code: correspondence between base sequences in DNA and the sequence of amino acids in a protein Genetic Code: correspondence between base sequences in DNA and the sequence of amino acids in a protein Bio Reminder- Transcription, Translation, Replication

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18. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-18 General Properties of Living Systems 5. Metabolism: Living organisms maintain themselves by acquiring nutrients from their environments Metabolic processes include: Metabolic processes include: Digestion Digestion Energy production (Respiration) Energy production (Respiration) Destructive (catabolic) and Constructive (anabolic) reactions Destructive (catabolic) and Constructive (anabolic) reactions

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20. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-20 General Properties of Living Systems 6. Development: All organisms pass through a characteristic life cycle Development describes the characteristic changes that an organism undergoes from its origin to its final adult form Development describes the characteristic changes that an organism undergoes from its origin to its final adult form

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22. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-22 General Properties of Living Systems 7. Environmental Interaction: All animals interact with their environments Ecology: The study of organismal interaction with an environment Ecology: The study of organismal interaction with an environment All organisms respond to environmental stimuli, a property called irritability All organisms respond to environmental stimuli, a property called irritability

23. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-23 A lizard regulates its body temperature by choosing different locations at different times of the day.

24. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-24 General Properties of Living Systems 8. Movement: Living systems and their parts show precise and controlled movements arising from within the system Living systems extract energy from their environments permitting the controlled movements Living systems extract energy from their environments permitting the controlled movements Movements at the cellular level are required for: Movements at the cellular level are required for: Reproduction, Growth, Responses to stimuli, etc. On a larger scale: On a larger scale: Entire populations or species may disperse from one location to another over time

25. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-25 Zoology As Part of Biology Animals originated in the Precambrian seas over 600 million years ago Animals originated in the Precambrian seas over 600 million years ago Characteristics of Animals: Characteristics of Animals: Eukaryotes: cells contain membrane- enclosed nuclei (nuclear envelope) Eukaryotes: cells contain membrane- enclosed nuclei (nuclear envelope) Heterotrophs: Not capable of manufacturing their own food and must rely on external food sources (opposite = Autotroph) Heterotrophs: Not capable of manufacturing their own food and must rely on external food sources (opposite = Autotroph) Cells lack cell walls Cells lack cell walls

26. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-26 Euglena - combines animal (ability to move) and plant (photosynthetic) properties

27. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-27 Principles of Science Nature of science: Nature of science: Science is guided by natural law (not religion) Science is guided by natural law (not religion) Science has to be explained by reference to natural law Science has to be explained by reference to natural law Science is testable against the observable world Science is testable against the observable world The conclusions of science are tentative and therefore not necessarily the final word The conclusions of science are tentative and therefore not necessarily the final word Science is falsifiable Science is falsifiable

28. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-28 Principles of Science Scientific Method Scientific Method Hypothetic-deductive Method: Hypothetic-deductive Method: Scientific process of making a judgment from prior knowledge and then seeking empirical tests (experiments) that potentially lead to its rejection

29. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-29 Principles of Science Hypothesis: Hypothesis: Potential answers to questions being asked Potential answers to questions being asked Derived from prior observations of nature or from theories based on such observations Derived from prior observations of nature or from theories based on such observations If a hypothesis is very powerful in explaining a wide variety of related phenomena, it attains the level of a theory (Can a theory be changed?) If a hypothesis is very powerful in explaining a wide variety of related phenomena, it attains the level of a theory (Can a theory be changed?)

30. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-30 Principles of Science The scientific method may be summarized as a series of steps: The scientific method may be summarized as a series of steps: 1.Observation 2.Question 3.Hypothesis Formation 4.Empirical Test Controlled Experiment Controlled Experiment Includes at least 2 groups Test Group Control Group 5.Conclusions Accept or reject your hypothesis 6.Publications

31. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-31 Principles of Science Powerful theories that guide extensive research are called paradigms (models for something scientific) Powerful theories that guide extensive research are called paradigms (models for something scientific) Two major paradigms that guide zoological research: Two major paradigms that guide zoological research: 1.Darwin’s Theory of Evolution 2.The Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

32. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-32 Theories of Evolution and Heredity Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Over 140 years old Over 140 years old Published in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in England in 1859 Published in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in England in 1859

33. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-33 Theories of Evolution and Heredity Ernst Mayr (Harvard University) proposed that Darwinism should be viewed as five major theories: Ernst Mayr (Harvard University) proposed that Darwinism should be viewed as five major theories: 1.Perpetual Change 2.Common Descent 3.Multiplication of the Species 4.Gradualism 5.Natural Selection

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35. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-35 Theories of Evolution and Heredity Theory 1 - Perpetual Change Theory 1 - Perpetual Change The living world is neither constant nor perpetually cycling, but is always changing Documented by the fossil record Documented by the fossil record

36. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-36 Theories of Evolution and Heredity Theory 2 - Common Descent Theory 2 - Common Descent All forms of life descended from a common ancestor through a branching of lineages Life’s history has the structure of a branching evolutionary tree, known as a phylogeny Life’s history has the structure of a branching evolutionary tree, known as a phylogeny Serves as the basis for our taxonomic classification of animals Serves as the basis for our taxonomic classification of animals

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38. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-38 Theories of Evolution and Heredity Theory 3 - Multiplication of Species Theory 3 - Multiplication of Species The evolutionary process produces new species by splitting and transforming older ones (interbreeding of 2 different species does not occur)

39. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-39 Theories of Evolution and Heredity Theory 4 - Gradualism Theory 4 - Gradualism Large differences in traits among species originate through the series of many small changes over very long periods of time

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41. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-41 Theories of Evolution and Heredity Theory 5 - Natural Selection Theory 5 - Natural Selection A creative process that generates beneficial forms from the small individual variations that occur among organisms within a population Adaptation Adaptation An anatomical structure, physiological process, or behavioral trait that evolved by natural selection and improves an organism’s ability to survive and leave descendants Example - similar vertebrate limb structure

42. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-42 Similarities among limb structure in vertebrates.

43. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-43 Theories of Evolution and Heredity Darwin's theory of natural selection faced a major obstacle when first proposed because it lacked a successful theory of heredity Darwin's theory of natural selection faced a major obstacle when first proposed because it lacked a successful theory of heredity Thus the 2nd part of evolution: Thus the 2nd part of evolution: Chromosomal Theory Of Inheritance

44. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1-44 Theories of Evolution and Heredity Mendelian Heredity and the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance Mendelian Heredity and the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance Foundation for current studies of genetics and evolution in animals Genes are passed from one generation to the next. Chromosomes contain the genes and they are replicated and passed to produce offspring.

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