1. Ken Andries, Ph.D. Kentucky State University College of Agriculture, Food Science, and Sustainable Systems

2. Goat Production Philosophy A cull is a cull no matter what the papers say!!! Sale barns are for selling – not buying!!! Check the performance before you look at the animal An inch longer is pounds heavier, an inch taller is an inch taller You can afford to spend on a buck the value of 3 - 5 does the of the same quality. The ugly doe is the best producer – otherwise you’d sell her. Adapted from Cow Production Philosophy, Ideal Beef Memo – November 1983

3. “In most commercial pedigrees little information of any kind is included except the names and identifying numbers of the animals. Such a pedigree is useful only to the extent that one knows or can find from some other source how meritorious or mediocre those ancestors were.” J.L. Lush, Animal Breeding Plans. 1945

4. Quick History of Performance Testing Dairy herds started measuring performance in the 50’s and 60’s for milk production. Beef cattle started CHIP in the 1960’s Beef moved to performance pedigrees and then to EPDs in the 70’s and 80’s Sheep started flock EPD’s Research into use of DNA assisted selection (genomics) in the 2000’s for many species.

5. Results in Beef Cattle Average weaning weight has increased by 150% (175 lbs) with small increases in birth weight. Calving difficulty has been reduced greatly. Carcass traits are now an economical trait for cow/calf producers. Most commercial beef cattle producers utilize data in selecting bulls. AI has become very wide spread in the commercial industry partly due to performance data. Key, it did not happen over night and started with simple data collection.

6. Importance of Records Cannot Manage what you don’t Measure!!!! Selection on performance is required to improve performance. Records give you the ability to measure long term trends and change directions as needed. They provide information needed to better market your animals. Show you where you are as well as where you are headed.

7. What traits can we Improve? Production Multiple birth rate Growth – birth to weaning/market/yearling Mothering ability Carcass traits, live grade. Health Traits Parasite resistance Foot health issues Feed conversion, type traits, structure, etc.

8. Starting a Performance Program Set goals for your farm Short and long term goals are important Be realistic in your goals Discuss these with others involved with your farm. Write down the goals Start collecting the necessary data to measure your progress.

9. What is “On-Farm Testing” Performance records collected by you and submitted to a central processing location for adjustment and evaluation. It is the starting point for more formal and accurate data reporting and performance evaluation programs. It is designed to improve selection efficient within your herd. Program can be tailored to meet your specific needs. Standard programs are designed for the major economically important traits.

10. On-Farm Testing Provides you a way to measure your performance. Provides standardized data to help you compare and select animals to meet production goals. Provides information on kids, dams, and sires for selection and evaluation. The only way to really know what is going on with performance. Should focus on economically important traits.

11. What are the economically important traits? Reproduction: most important in all livestock enterprises except feedlots and stocker operations. Growth: Second most important in all types of livestock enterprises regardless of market. Health: very critical to small ruminant producers. Should be part of your goals, exact importance may vary depending on current situation of individual herds. Carcass: not a lot for goats at this time. Live grade plays some part but goats are not often marketed on a grid where you would be paid for carcass traits over live traits.

12. Data Needed for Program Birth Data: Kid and dam ID Birth date and weight Sex Type of birth Weaning Data: Weaning date and weight Other Information Breed or cross Sire ID Age of dam in years Can still use data if birth weight is not available, not as accurate but still useful. Other data is used for adjustments.

13. What can we see with the data overall data set?

14. Combined Kid Data

15. Combined Dam Data TraitNTOP 25%MEANBOTTOM 25% # BORN305721.841 BWT290616.7513.649.5 # WEANED295521.561 WNWT270276.461.3841 ADJ WNWT209389.0269.7043.34 SURVIVAL305510083.7275 DOE WT@WN 1586117101.2284 EFFECIENCY154575.6460.5424.22

16. Combined Sire Data TraitNTOP 25%MEANBOTTOM 25% # BORN2932417.814 AVG BWT2798.427.716.95 # WEANED2921914.593 AVG WNWT28342.3339.3231.42 AVG ADJ WNWT 28346.3841.8735.47

17. Birth Type Comparisons # BORNBirth WT1234 19.030.220<0.01 27.870.216<0.01 36.800.2280.05 46.250.346 Type of birth is significant in birth weight evaluation and needs to be adjusted for to get an accurate comparison between individuals.

18. Rearing Type Effect. REARINGADG B to W SE Weaning Wt SE SN-SN0.35 a 0.010 42.61 a 1.288 SN-TN0.33 ab 0.022 38.24 b 2.169 TN-SN0.32 bc 0.012 35.65 b 1.265 TN-TN0.30 b 0.010 35.65 b 1.205 TR-SN0.32 b 0.020 35.62 b 2.024 TR-TN0.28 cd 0.012 32.23 c 1.452 TR-TR0.27 d 0.011 30.44 d 1.365 Means with different superscripts differ significantly (P<.05).

19. Effect of Sex on Weights SEX Birth Wt SE ADG B to W SEWN WT SE BUCK7.75 0.218 0.310.01036.68 1.300 DOE6.94 0.218 0.270.01032.15 1.306 WETHER0.320.01736.71 1.807 Doe kids were lighter and grow slower to weaning than male kids. Buck and Wether were similar, possibly due to low numbers reported

20. Breed Differences from Data Large data set with different breeds and crosses needed to be accurate. Still need more numbers to make an accurate comparison. Use herd ID to account for different locations and management and year of record to account for other environment differences. Some general information can be useful.

21. Animals Reported ¾ or higher of one breed: BreedBirth WtADG B to WWN WT BR7.870.3236.87 KK7.840.3639.39 SP6.520.2933.32 SV8.190.3535.29 OTHER7.930.3336.26 Spanish Significantly lighter than others at birth and KK at weaning, tended to be slower growing than KK and SV and tended to be lighter than BR at weaning.

22. Breed Cross Comparison CROSSBirth WtADG B to WWeaning Wt BRX7.440.3137.52 KKX7.410.2934.82 SPX7.070.2735.12 SVX7.680.2732.66 XX7.610.2935.55 BRX gained faster than SPX and BRX heavier than SPX and SVX at weaning.

23. The KYSU GHIP program This program is free to anyone that wants to participate. You keep the data necessary from birth to weaning on kids. Send data in to me and I will perform adjustments and send you summary sheets. Over time information on overall averages and ranges will be provided to help you evaluate your herd. Data sheets are available, best way to contact is e-mail at kenneth.andries@kysu.edu or phone at 502-597- 5094

24. What You Get Back: Birth and weaning weight adjusted for type of birth/rearing, sex, age of dam. Weaning weight adjusted to a 90 day standard. Birth and weaning weight performance ratio Dam summary showing: number of kids born/weaned, total actual and adjusted birth and weaning weight for each doe. If sire ID provided sire summary with average actual and adjusted birth and weaning weights for each sire used and number of kids he sired at birth and weaning.

25. Other Program Information Participation is free I will not share your information with anyone other than you. You can use the data for selection and marketing if you desire. No minimum or maximum number of animals Open to all producers regardless of breed, cross or type of operation You will still need to evaluate structure and type traits for your animals and have control over selection

26. “In each generation of animals in his herd or flock, the breeder must select those to be saved for breeding from those to be used for other purposes. Perhaps he will also select animals from other herds for use as breeders in his. These are the most important things he does.” Breeding Better Livestock. Rice, Andrews, and Warwick 1953

27. Questions? E-mail: Kenneth.andries@kysu.edu Office Phone: 502-597-5094 Mobile Phone: 502-803-0031