1. Pitch range use in speech of Welsh/English bilinguals: Production Study Mikhail Ordin 1,2 Ineke Mennen 1 (1 Bangor University, Centre for Research on Bilingualism 2 Moscow Academy of Humanities and Technology)

2. Pitch range Level (Ladd 1996) Register (Cruttenden 1997) Overall height of speaker’s voice Span (Ladd 1996) Key (Cruttenden 1997) Excursion size (‘tHart, Collier, Cohen 1990) Range of frequencies covered by the speaker

3. Hypothetical averaged data for 4 target points in three speaker's pronunciation of the English declarative sentence I HAVE BEEN THERE BEFORE. The contours are impressionistically similar, despite the differences in level and span

4. Are overall pitch modifications automatic or consciously controlled?

5. Anatomical and physiological factors determine pitch range -Size of the larynx and lung volume -Decrease in transglottal pressure towards the end of the utterance -More difficult adjustments for upward pitch change than for downward pitch change -Increase of vocal folds tension on high vowels - Higher subglottal pressure before closure release on voicelss plosives than on voiced plosives

6. Anatomically-conditioned modifications can become meaningful and even undergo grammaticalization and express linguistic function (Ohala 1983, 1984; Lieberman 1967)

7. Biological codes (Gussenhoven 2004): 1) Frequency code (Ohala 1983, 1996) Source: size of the speech organs What is affected: overall level Paralinguistic meaning: submissive aggressive; big-small; friendly-hostile; high status-low status; certain-uncertain Linguistic meaning: Question vs. statement

8. Biological codes (Gussenhoven 2004): 2) Effort code Source: energy What is affected: span Paralinguistic meaning: affected-non affected speech Linguistic meaning: focus marking

9. Biological codes (Gussenhoven 2004): 3) Production code Source: lung volume What is affected: downtrends Linguistic meaning: finality vs continuity, old vs new information

10. Diehl (1991) and Kingston and Diehl (1994) argued that at least partially pitch modifications are under speaker’s conscious control and can be used to enhance perceptual effect.

11. Language-specific vs universal 1)HTR (e.g. Grabe, 2004) 2)Hadding-Koch and Stuttert-Kennedy, 1964 3)Gonnum, 1983 4)Brouwer, 1989 5)Ohara, 1992 6)Eckert, Laver, 1994 7)Downing, 1996 8)Gibbon, 1998 9)Makarova, 1999 10)Mennen, 2007, 2008

12. Pitch range in bilingual speech Mennen 2007, 2008, 2009 as the starting point of the current research. Mennen et.al. found that: The difference in pitch range between German and English monolingual speakers is mostly in span. L2 native German speakers of English use pitch range in English differently from native Brits. German manipulate level. In perception the cue to Englishness for the Brits is span, and for the German is level.

13. Simultaneous vs Sequencial Bilinguals Sequential Pitch range differs between L1 and L2 Pitch range in L2 of sequential bilinguals differs from that in monolingual speech by native speakers Are we dealing with cross- language differences or cross-context differences? Simultaneous ????????????????

14. Research Question 1: Do Welsh-English bilinguals realize pitch range differently when they use different languages?

15. Research Question 2: If so, what dimension(s) of pitch range (i.e. level/span) is/are language-specific?

16. Research Question 3: Which strategy or strategies do the bilinguals use to make the difference in pitch range?

17. Subjects: Adult bilinguals Acquired both languages simultaneously Used both languages daily Are fluent readers of technical and colloquial styles 19 speakers: 5 men and 12 women

18. Material: Controlled speech, neutral sentences and a brief technical text on history of Welsh, recorded at 44kHz, 16 bit, in WAV PCI format using condenser microphone. Reading and recording was done in a quiet place. 20 sentences, 40-45 tone units per language per speaker.

19. Labelling and measuring: Span Pitch span was determined as the difference in semitones between the average of the speaker’s peaks and L% tones. If creaky voice was used for final lowering, the measurement was taken immediately prior to the creaky interval.

20. Labelling and measuring: Level Three measures for pitch level were defined: 1) average of F0 peaks, 2) average of L%, and 3) average of means on each tone unit.

21. Analysis Wilcoxon Signed Rank Data for males and females processed separately to consider the possible effect of gender (where assumptions for paired t-tests were met, parametric tests were performed, but not reported here for consistency. Parametric tests showed greater effect size).

22. RESULTS: 14 females Span is wider in Welsh than in English (z=-3.17; p=0.002; r=0.6) The median score increased from M=7.68 for English to M=8.92 for Welsh The average difference is 1.41ST

23. RESULTS: 14 females Level is higher in Welsh than in English if defined as F0 peaks (z=-3.23; p=0.001; r=0.61) The median score increased from M= 257.14 for English to M=274.48 for Welsh The average difference is 1.4ST

24. RESULTS: 14 females Level is not significantly different if defined as F0 on L% tones or as mean F0 on tone units.

25. RESULTS: 5 males Span is 0.6ST wider in Welsh than in English, but the difference is n/s (p=0.225)

26. RESULTS: 5 males Level is 0.4ST higher in Welsh than in English if defined as F0 peaks, but the difference is n/s, p=0.225

27. RESULTS: 5 males Level is not significantly different if defined as F0 on L% tones or as mean F0 on tone units.

28. Summary of results so far: Females Pitch range differs between Welsh and English Difference is in span Difference is in F0max No sign difference in F0means and F0min Males Pitch range does not differ between Welsh and English FEW SPEAKERS?????

29. Individual Statistics: Females, F0max

30. Individual Statistics: Females, Span

31. Individual Statistics: Males, Level

32. Individual Statistics: Males, Span

33. Strategies: increasing F0 peaks in Welsh (or decreasing F0 peaks in English); using creaky voice in Welsh for final lowering (or cancelling creaky voice in English); increasing F0 means in Welsh (or decreasing F0 means in English); decreasing F0 minimums in Welsh (or increasing F0 minimums in English).

34. Are strategies independent? ANOVA: Hypothesis: the more strategies the speaker uses, the smaller the different between F0max in Welsh and English expected. Dependent var: difference in F0max in Welsh and in English Independent var 1: number of strategies (2 levels – 1 and 3 different strategies employed) Independent var 2: speaker (6 levels) Outcome: no sign influence. Trade-off? Not enough data to say for sure.

35. What causes these differences? 1)Social and culture-rooted. 2)Language system (in Welsh I heard more rising tones while in English there were more falling tones). Peculiarities of speech perception. What are we listening to when we evaluate span and level – overall register or the maximums?

36. Further research I Difference in pitch range as a social marker II Acquisition of pitch range by sequential and simultaneous bilinguals III Perception of pitch range