2. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 1 6-1. Bluetooth Architecture Overview

3. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 2 Agenda Who is Bluetooth? –History and Background What does Bluetooth do for you? –Usage Model What is Bluetooth? –Compliance, compatibility What does Bluetooth do? –Technical points Architectural Overview of Bluetooth

4. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 3 Who is Bluetooth? Harald Blaatand “Bluetooth” II King of Denmark 940-981 –Son of Gorm the Old (King of Denmark) and Thyra Danebod (daughter of King Ethelred of England) This is one of two Runic stones erected in his capitol city of Jelling (central Jutland) The stone’s inscription (“runes”) say: s Harald controlled Denmark and Norway s Harald thinks “notebooks” and “cellular phones” should seamlessly communicate

5. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 4 Bluetooth Background 1997. - Designed by Ericsson 1998.2 - Established the Special interest group (form SIG 1) Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Toshiba, Intel 1998.5 - Bluetooth Consortium is established formally. 1999.7 - Bluetooth v1.0beta Core Specification and Foundation Profile 1999.12 - Lucent 、 3Com 、 Motorola 、 Microsoft (form SIG 2) 2001.2 - Bluetooth v1.1 2002 – IEEE 802.15 WPAN IEEE 802.15.1 Wireless Personal Area Networks (Bluetooth) IEEE 802.15.1 Wireless Personal Area Networks (Bluetooth) IEEE 802.15.2 Coexistence IEEE 802.15.2 Coexistence IEEE 802.15.3 WPAN Higher Rate IEEE 802.15.3 WPAN Higher Rate IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN Low Rate IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN Low Rate

6. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 5 Bluetooth Background

7. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 6 Personal Ad-hoc Networks Cable Replacement Landline Data/Voice Access Points (internet access) What does Bluetooth do for you?  three major applications most important in voice applications

8. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 7 Usage Model (Ultimate Headset)

9. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 8 Usage Model (Ultimate Headset) Keep your hands free for –Car –Office –Road

10. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 9 Usage Model (Automatic Synchronizer) Background Synchronization –PDA –Cellular Phone –Notebook

11. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 10 Usage Model (Three in One Phone) Intercom (Walki Talki) Cordless Cellular

12. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 11 Usage Model (Three in One Phone) Office (No telephone charge) Home (Fixed line charge) Outdoor (Mobile phone charge)

13. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 12 Usage Model (Remote Control &Transmission)

14. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 13 Usage Model (Conference Scenario) Conference Table –Share and exchange data

15. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 14 Usage Model (killer application)

16. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 15 Key Characteristics Low cost –Market consideration Low power consumption –Portable device consideration –Short Range Unlicensed Used –ISM band used Robust operation – Fast frequency hopping – Short packet length Multiple links Mixed voice and data Sized 0.5 squire inches

17. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 16 Mobile = Battery life Low power consumption* –Standby current < 0.3 mA  3 months –Voice mode 8-30 mA  75 hours –Data mode average 5 mA (0.3-30mA, 20 kbit/s, 25%)  120 hours Low Power Architecture –Programmable data length (else radio sleeps) –Hold and Park modes 60 µA (rough) »Devices connected but not participating »Hold retains AMA address, Park releases AMA, gets PMA address »Device can participate within 2 ms

18. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 17 Bluetooth Specifications (Single chip with RS-232, USB or PC card interface) RF Baseband Audio Link Manager L2CAP Data SDP RFCOMM IP Control Applications Bluetooth chip Firmware Applications

19. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 18 Bluetooth Certifications RF Baseband Audio Link Manager L2CAP Data SDP RFCOMM IP Control Applications Basic Layer Certification Application Framework Certification HCI: Host Controller Interface

20. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 19 Host Control Interface (HCI) (1/3) Program Profile Spec L2CAPAudio Host HCI (Host control Interface) Baseband LMPAudio RF Bluetooth chip

21. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 20 HCI (2/3) HCI Bluetooth Host Bluetooth Module HCI Transport Firmware Host Drives and Applications Bluetooth HCI Transport driver (USB, PC Card, PCI) Transport Bus Bluetooth HCI driver Bluetooth Host Controller Link Manager Bluetooth Radio Bluetooth Baseband HCI : Host Controller Interface provides a common interface between the bluetooth host and the bluetooth module.

22. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 21 HCI (3/3) –All HCI transactions are framed in packets: –Commands –Event –Data (ACL) –Data (SCO)

23. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 22 Bluetooth Products Blue-Dongle Blue-Connect BluePort Bluetooth printer Bluetooth Modem Etc.,

24. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 23 BT Trend (1/2) 2 chips solution –RF transceiver –Baseband BB chip integrated single chip (BB+RF) solution will be provided Chip design house co-work with software design company to provide total solution of bluetooth technology

25. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 24 BT Trend (2/2) 2-chip Single-chip Cost Year BBRF $30 BB+RF $10 Host+BB+RF $4 Headset Version Full Bluetooth Performance Data Only Version 200020012003 Host+RF ? Single-chip Soft. modem

26. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 25 Bluetooth Module CPU core : ARM, 8051, MIPS, etc., HOST RF Transceiver

27. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 26 Bluetooth Module Software modem is possible nowaday HOST

28. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 27 RF Transceiver

29. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 28 Bluetooth Specifications 2.4 GHz ISM Unlicensed band Microwave ovens also use this band Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum –Avoid interference –23/79 channels –1 MHz per channel –1 Mbps link rate ( GFSK modulation ) –Fast frequency hopping and short data packets avoids interference 1600 »Nominally hops at 1600 times a second (vs. 2.5 hops/sec in IEEE 802.11) »625us366us »625us per hop (366us for data only) »3200 times a second during inquiry and paging modes Multiple uncoordinated networks may exist and cause interference –CVSD (Continuous Variable Slope Delta Modulation) voice coding (FEC) enables operation at high bit error rates

30. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 29 ISM Unlicensed Band 2.4 GHz 2.402 Guard band 2.482.483 2.402-2.480 GHz 79 hopping channels ISM unlicensed band Licensed band 79 channels in 2.4GHz (in USA and most Europe) Licensed band

31. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 30 Frequency Range... 1MHz 1 2 3 79 83.5 MHz 2.4GHz ISM Frequency Range

32. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 31 Transmit Power transmit power and range  0 dbm (up to 20dbm with power control)  10-100 m Power Class Max Output Min Output Power Control 1 100mW (20dBm) 1mW (0dB) -4db/time Max twice 2 2.5mW (4dBm) 0.25mW (-6dBm) Optional 3 1mW (0dBm) N/AOptional  Power 1mW (class 3) 3% power of cellular phone 10meters of transmission distance or 100m by PA  Power 100mW(class 1) 100 meters of transmission distance

33. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 32 Frequency Hopping Time Frequency 0 78

34. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 33 FHSS Data Source Hopping Code Generator + d(t) Digital Modulator Frequency synthesizer Front-end Filter + Frequency synthesizer Data Detector d(t) ^ Local hopping code generator Receiver Transmitter

35. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 34 Modulation and Symbol Rate Symbol Rate : 1M symbols/sec (1MHz) (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying)GFSK (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying) –Binary One (1) : Positive frequency deviation –Binary Zero (0) : Negative frequency deviation Maximum frequency deviation –Between 140kHz and 175kHz fofo f o+  ff o-  f frequency Magnitude

36. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 35 Adaptive Frequency Hopping When no interference is detected, hop over the entire frequency band If interference is detected at a level which cause packet error – Actively avoid these frequency hop locations. – This technique is currently legal for Class 3 Bluetooth units. – Hop locations must be maintained

37. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 36 Interference Simulations –1 Bluetooth piconet + 1 WLAN unit –PER (Packet Error Rate) without adaptation =11% –PER with adaptation = 0% –5 Bluetooth piconets separated by 5 meters + 1 WLAN unit –PER without adaptation =15% –PER with adaptation = 8.4%

38. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 37 Radio 2 WG Radio 2 WG mandated to be backward compatible and interoperable with Radio 1 –5.8G ISM band –is optional extensions for providing additional capabilities for applications –Higher data rates: Multimedia (streaming audio/video) High speed image transfer High speed transfer of large files to (e.g.) printers Data rate alignment with 2.5/3G cellar networks – 10M-12Mbps goal

39. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 38 Network Topology Radio Designation master slave –Connected radios can be master or slave –Radios are symmetric (same radio can be master or slave) PiconetPiconet –Master can connect to 7 simultaneous or 200+ active slaves per piconet –Each piconet has maximum capacity (1 Msps and 1 Mbps) »Unique hopping pattern/ID ScatternetScatternet –High capacity system »Minimal impact with up to 10 piconets within range – Radios can share piconets!

40. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 39 Piconet vs. Scatternet A scatternet contains two piconets Scatternet Piconet Master Slave Master

41. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 40 Piconet and Scatternet point-to-point (piconet) multi-point (piconet) scatternet Master hostSlave host

42. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 41 Device Addressing (1/2) (BD_ADDREvery Bluetooth device has unique 48-bit Bluetooth Device Address (BD_ADDR) which is assigned by SIG The BD_ADDR is used to control the system functions : –Hopping sequence –Channel access code –Encryption key The BD_ADDR contains 3 parts: –24-bit Lower Address Part (LAP) »Used to identify unique BT device (reduce overhead) –8-bit Upper Address Part (UAP) »Used to determine the hopping sequence –16-bit Non-significant Address Part (NAP) NAPUAPLAP 16 8 24 bits BD_ADDR

43. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 42 Device Addressing (2/2) AM_ADDRAM_ADDR (Active Member Address) –Each slave is assigned a 3-bit address –7 –7 slaves in a piconet is available –000 –000 : for broadcasting packets (I.e. master address) FHS »An exception is FHS (Frequency Hopping Synchronization) packet which may use “000” address but is not a broadcast message –Slaves that are disconnected or parked give up their AM_ADDRs PM_ADDRPM_ADDR (Parked Member Address) –Slaves that enter the park mode will obtain a 8-bit PM_ADDR –At most 256 slaves are in park mode in a piconet

44. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 43 Clock Synchronization CLKN (Native Clock)CLKN (Native Clock) –Exist in each bluetooth device –The counter can not be frozen and adjusted –Clock resolution : 312.5us (half slot time : used for paging/inquiry procedures) –slave follows its master CLKN to hop in a piconet »Master need inform the slave its CLKN and BD_ADDR »Slave adds offset into its CLKN to synchronize with master same hopping sequence 3, 56, 7, 23, 44, … Master BD_ADDR Slave Native CLK + offset Master clock BD_ADDR

45. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 44 Clock Synchronization CLKE (Estimated Clock)CLKE (Estimated Clock) –Is used when master pages a known slave device (has been inquired) –Master uses the slave’s BD_ADDR to estimate the slave’s CLKN estimated slave ’ s hopping sequence 3, 56, 7, 23, 44, … Slave BD_ADDR Slave CLKE + Slave clock BD_ADDR paging

46. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 45 The Piconet All devices in a piconet hop together –In forming a piconet, master gives slaves its clock and device ID (BD_ADDR) via FHS packet »Hopping pattern determined by device ID (48-bit) »Phase in hopping pattern determined by Clock standbyNon-piconet devices are in standby Piconet Addressing –Active Member Address (AMA, 3-bits) –Parked Member Address (PMA, 8-bits) or

47. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 46 Basic Baseband Protocol Spread spectrum frequency hopping radio –Hops every packet 1, 3 or 5 »Packets are 1, 3 or 5 slots long –Frame consists of two packets »Transmit followed by receive –Nominally hops at 1600 times a second (1 slot packets) (1.25 ms)

48. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 47 Time Division Duplex (TDD) Master : even numbered slots Slave : odd numbered slots The Slot Number ranges from 0- 2 27 -1. Access code/HeaderPayload guard time for hopping Master Slave f(2k)f(2k+1)f(2k+2) Packet odd ( 625  s )even ( 625  s )even time slot guard time 220  s +/-10  s

49. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 48 Multi-slot Packets Different packet overhead will result in different throughput –DH1 : 172.8Kbps in Sym. and Asyn. modes –DH3 : 390.4Kbps in Sym. mode; 387.2 and 54.4Kbps in Asyn. Mode –DH5 : 433.9Kbps in Sym. mode; 721 and 57.6Kbps in Aysn. »DH : without FEC f(2k+2) f(2k) f(2k+1)f(2k+3)f(2k+4) f(2k+2) f(2k) f(2k+1)f(2k+3)f(2k+4) f(2k+2) f(2k) f(2k+1)f(2k+3)f(2k+4) 3-slot Packet (DH3) 5-slot Packet (DH5) 1-slot Packet (DH1) odd ( 625  s )even ( 625  s )odd ( 625  s )even ( 625  s )

50. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 49 Connection Procedure (1/3) StandbyStandby –Waiting to join a piconet InquireInquire –Ask about radios to connect to PagePage –Connect to a specific radio ConnectedConnected –Actively on a piconet (master or slave) Park/Sniff/HoldPark/Sniff/Hold –Low Power connected states

51. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 50 Connection Procedure (2/3) ID packet FHS packet ID packet Data packet ID : GIAC/DIAC FHS : slave’s BD_ADDR, CLKN, Class of Devise(CoD), Page Scan Interval ID : DIAC FHS : master’s BD_ADDR, CLKN, CoD, BCH parity, AMA

52. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 51 ID Packet Access Code During a connection –identifies the packet as being from or to a specific Master Other modes –in inquiry to produce the Inquiry Access Code (IAC) LAP 24 bits Barker Sequence BCH Parity Word 34bits 24bits6bits

53. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 52 FHS Packet Format Used when 1.Master inquiries device during inquiry procedure, return from Slave 2.Master pages a Slave during page procedure, sent from Master 3.A device switches as Master

54. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 53 Connection Procedure (3/3)

55. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 54 Page and Inquire Scans A radio must be enabled to accept pages or inquires –Consumes 18 slots every 1.25 s (or so) for each scan  slot is 0.625 ms

56. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 55 Page and Inquire Scans Inquiry scan: –32 channels (of 79 channels) are assigned for inquiry procedure –32 channels are divided as 2 trains (Trains A and B), each one contains 16 channels. Page scan: –32 channels (of 79 channels) are assigned for page procedure –32 channels are divided as 2 trains (Trains A and B), each one contains 16 adjacent channels. –Train A : f(k-8), f(k-7), … f(k), f(k+1), …, f(k+7) –Train B : f(k-16), f(k-15), … f(k-9), f(k+8), …, f(k+15) 3200 hop/sec Broadcast ID packet (with specified GIAC or DIAC)

57. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 56 Inquiring for Radios Radio wants to find other radios in the area

58. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 57 Inquiring for Radios Radio Wants to find other radios in the area –Radio A issues an Inquire (pages with the Inquire ID) »Radios B, C and D are doing an Inquire Scan Inquire

59. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 58 Inquiring for Radios Radio Wants to find other radios in the area –Radio A issues an Inquire (pages with the Inquire ID) »Radios B, C and D are doing a Inquire Scan –Radio B recognizes Inquire and responds with an FHS packet »Has slave’s Device ID and Clock

60. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 59 Inquiring for Radios Radio Wants to find other radios in the area –Radio A issues an Inquire (pages with the Inquire ID) »Radios B, C and D are doing a Inquire Scan –Radio B recognizes Inquire and responds with an FHS packet »Has slave’s Device ID and Clock Inquire

61. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 60 Inquiring for Radios Radio Wants to find other radios in the area –Radio A Issues an Inquire (again) –Radios C and D respond with FHS packets »As radios C & D respond simultaneously packets are corrupted and Radio A won’t respond »Each radio waits a random number of slots and listens

62. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 61 Inquiring for Radios Radio Wants to find other radios in the area –Radio A Issues an Inquire (again) Inquire

63. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 62 Inquiring for Radios Radio Wants to find other radios in the area –Radio A Issues an Inquire (again) –Radios C respond with FHS packets

64. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 63 Inquiring for Radios Radio Wants to find other radios in the area –Radio A Issues an Inquire (again) Inquire

65. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 64 Inquiring for Radios Radio Wants to find other radios in the area –Radio A Issues an Inquire (again) –Radios D respond with FHS packets

66. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 65 Inquiring for Radios Radio Wants to find other radios in the area –Radio A Issues an Inquire (again) –Radios D respond with FHS packets –Radio A now has information of all radios within range

67. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 66 Inquiry Procedure Inquiry has unique device address (all BT radio use) –ID packet with dedicated or general access code –Unique set of “Inquiry” hop frequencies Any device can inquire by paging the Inquiry address Correlater hit causes slave to respond with FHS packet –Device ID –Clock –Etc. 625  s f k+1 fkfk FHS f k+1 fkfk f k+4 INQUIRER STANDBY

68. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 67 Inquiry Procedure 3232 channels are allocated as inquiry procedure –They are divided as two trains : A Train and B Train (16 channels for each) Multiple slaves are expected to respond –Correlater hit causes slave to »respond with FHS packet »Wait a random number of slots »Wait for another Inquiry page and repeat Master should end up with a list of slave FHS packets in area train AAAAB 10 ms INQUIRER STANDBY Listen 11.25 ms (18 slots) A FHS scan f k sleep RAND2 f k+1 1.25ms fkfk A f k+1 FHS f k+2 sleep RAND1 AAA AAAA 2 slots 1 2 3 15 16 Fully scan Train A:16*0.625ms=10ms (1) Train A will be scanned 256 times: 2.56s (2) Train B will be scanned 256 times: 2.56s Repeat scan Trains A and B two complete cycles: 2*(2.56+2.56)=10.24s 16 slots = 10ms repeat 256 times

69. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 68 Inquire Summary Inquiring radio Issues inquiry packet with Inquire ID (GIAC or DIAC access code) Any radio doing an Inquire scan will respond with an FHS packet –FHS packet gives Inquiring radio information to page »Device ID »Clock –If there is a collision then radios wait a random number of slots before responding to the page inquire After process is done, Inquiring radio has Device IDs and Clocks of all radios in range Slave listens one of 16 channels for sufficient time (e.g., 18 slots=11.25ms)

70. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 69 Master Paging a Slave Paging assumes master has slaves Device ID and an idea of its Clock

71. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 70 Master Paging a Slave Paging assumes master has slaves Device ID and an idea of its Clock –A pages C with C’s Device ID and CLKE Page

72. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 71 Master Paging a Slave Paging assumes master has slaves Device ID and an idea of its Clock –A pages C with C’s Device ID (DAC) –C Replies to A with C’s Device ID

73. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 72 Master Paging a Slave Paging assumes master has slaves Device ID and an idea of its Clock –A pages C with C’s Device ID –C Replies to A with C’s Device ID –A sends C its Device ID and Clock (FHS packet)

74. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 73 Master Paging a Slave Paging assumes master has slaves Device ID and an idea of its Clock –A pages C with C’s Device ID –C Replies to A with C’s Device ID –A sends C its Device ID and Clock (FHS packet) –A connects as a master to C

75. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 74 Master Paging a slave Master pages slave (packet has slave ID) at slave page frequency (1 of 32) –Master sends page train of 16 most likely frequencies in slave hop set »Slave ID sent twice a transmit slot on slave page frequency »Master listens twice at receive slot for a response –If misses, master sends second train on remaining 16 frequencies Slave listens for 11.25 ms (page scan) –If correlater triggers, slave wakes-up and relays packet at response frequency –Master responds with FHS packet (provides master’s Device ID and Clock) –Slave joins piconet 625  s fmfm f k+2 Master Slave f k+1 fkfk fkfk FH S f k+2

76. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 75 Paging Procedure Each slave page scans on unique sequence of 32 channels f k 1.25 –Master pages 16 most likely channels for entire sleep period (nominally 1.25 seconds) If clocks are off, then second train sent on last 16 frequencies for entire sleep period train AAAABB 10 ms Pager Paged 11.25 ms BB FHS scan f k Sleep (1.25 s) CONNECTION f k+1 1.25ms

77. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 76 Physical Link Definition circuit switching symmetric, synchronous services slot reservation at fixed intervals For voice transmission Point-to-point connection No packet retransmission packet switching (a)symmetric, asynchronous services polling access scheme For data transmission (ex:program) Point-to-multipoint connection Packet retransmission SYNCHRONOUS CONNECTION-SYNCHRONOUS CONNECTION- ORIENTED (SCO) LINK ORIENTED (SCO) LINK ASYNCHRONOUS CONNECTION-ASYNCHRONOUS CONNECTION- LESS (ACL) LINK LESS (ACL) LINK

78. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 77 Physical Link HV3 : 6 slots gap

79. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 78 Packet Types/Data Rates 0000 0001 0010 0011 NULL POLL FHS DM1 NULL POLL FHS DM1 1 0100 0101 0110 0111 HV1 HV2 HV3 DH1 2 DV1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 DM3 DH3 3 1101 1110 1111 DM5 DH5 4 TYPE SEGMENT ACL link SCO link AUX1 DM1 DH1 DM3 DH3 DM5 DH5 108.8 172.8 258.1 390.4 286.7 432.6 108.8 172.8 387.2 585.6 477.8 721.0 108.8 172.8 54.4 86.4 36.3 57.6 TYPE symmetric asymmetric Data Rates (Kbps) Packet Types

80. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 79 Bluetooth Protocols Still Image WAE WAP vCard/vCal OBEX Printing Audio HIDTCP/UDPRFCOMM Service DiscoveryIPTCS L2CAP Host Controller Interface

81. NDSL Lab. CSIE, CGU - 80 THANK YOU Q&A