1. Dynamic Modelling and its Use in Integrated Assessment Models Maximilian Posch Coordination Center for Effects (ICP M&M&, WGE) RIVM/MNP Bilthoven, The Netherlands

2. Effects-related Thresholds Used in IAM so far (1) A. Critical Levels for Ozone: AOT40 for forests (10 ppm.h ) and crops (3 ppm.h) not dependent on location etc., ==> only exceedance mapping. B. Critical Loads of nutrient N (eutrophication) - single number per ecosystem - many numbers per grid - protection percentiles or average exceedances mapped.

3. Exceedance of CL nut (N) in 1980 and 2000 on 50x50 grid

4. Effects-related Thresholds Used in IAM so far (2) C. Critical Loads of Acidity (S and N) - infinitely many CLs defining the CL function - many CL functions per grid - protection or average exceedance (AAE) mapped - protection and AAE isolines computed and used in IAM (optimisation).

5. Exceedance of acidity CLs for forests in 2000: Grid average dep.Dep. to forests

6. Modifications since Gothenburg: - Modifications to critical levels (fluxes; inclusion of site/grid-specific parameters (e.g. VPD) - Update of critical loads (2003/2004) - separation of critical loads into ecosystem types (forests, waters, semi-nat. …) … and exceedance calculations with concentrations/depositions that is - on a 50x50 km 2 grid and - ecosystem specific

7. Dynamic Modelling and Target Loads Purpose of Dynamic Modelling (under the Convention): Investigate time aspects (delay of damage and recovery) of areas where critical loads were, are and will be exceeded under different deposition scenarios - This cannot be done with Critical Loads! Target Loads are one way to link dynamic model results to IAM.

8. Delay in Damage and Recovery: Deposition Delayed chemical response Further delayed biological response

9. What causes these delay times? Finite buffers in the soil (irrelevant for steady state) 1. Cation exchange Characterised by Cation exchange capacity (CEC), i.e. the total amount of exchangeable base cations 2. (Additional) nitrogen sinks (immobilisation) Present immobilisation of N (much) larger than steady-state N i 3. Sulphate ad/desorption (not everywhere)

10. Constraints for dynamic modelling under the LRTAP Convention: - Emission reduction targets in Gothenburg Protocol have been derived with critical loads - CLs indicate where exceedances will remain after 2010 - Dynamic models shall determine when recovery (or further damage) will occur Thus: - Dynamic models have to be compatible with (updated) critical loads, i.e. - Dynamic models have to identify same areas as “exceeded” (risk of damage) and recovering (Dep<CL)

11. Target Loads (1) Target Load (TL) = Deposition path (of S and N) for which a desired ecosystem status (e.g. Al/Bc=1) is reached in a pre-defined year (the target year) and maintained afterwards! => many TLs can be determined for a given ecosystem, depending on the choice of target year and the implementation of deposition reductions (policy options) Critical Load (CL) = TL at steady state (infinite time horizon) CL is an ecosystem property -- a TL is not (but depends on ecosystem properties!)

12. Target Loads (2) Deposition paths (of S and N): - we assume that deposition until 2010 is given (fixed): Gothenburg Protocol & NEC Directive … - after N years (implementation period) the new deposition (target load) is kept constant (e.g. N=5 or 10) - deposition decreases linearly during the implementation period

13. 196019802000204020602020 Protocol year DM implementation year DM target year 1 DM target year 2 Deposition

14. Select (future) Dep Run Model Al/Bc in target year = 1? Yes: TL=Dep; No: Target Loads (3) For calculating TLs the “inverse” of a dynamic model is needed: Scenario analysis: Al/Bc=Model (Dep,pars) TL calculation: Dep=Model -1 (Al/Bc=1,pars) Since Model -1 is not available, TL calculation requires the iterative use of Model:

15. What can happen when calculating TLFs? (1) No time-dependent S and N processes (simplest case):

16. What can happen when calculating TLFs? (2) Time-dependent N immobilisation (Cpool >0): TLF becomes non-linear and may intersect with CLF.

17. Summary: - TL calcs much more involved than CL calcs; however - TL output analogous to CL output (TlL functions) => - Methods/tools used incorporating CLs into IAM can also be used for TLs (exceedance becomes non-achievement!) State of play: - Last call for data (<31-03-04) requested also TL calculations from NFCs (2030, 2050, 2100) - 8 (of 25) countries provided them - data are currently analysed - should be available during summer/fall