1. Describe aspects of primary production in NZ
Internal Assessment (3 credits)

2. In the exam – the examiner will be looking for you ability to do the following…
Achievement
Achievement with Merit
Achievement with Excellence
Demonstrate knowledge of the geographic distribution of agricultural and horticultural primary production in New Zealand.
Demonstrate detailed knowledge of the geographic distribution of agricultural and horticultural primary production in New Zealand.
Demonstrate comprehensive knowledge of the geographic distribution of agricultural and horticultural primary production in New Zealand.

3. Explanatory Notes
Demonstrate knowledge requires description of the geographic distribution of types of agricultural and horticultural primary production and of the factors influencing this distribution.
 Demonstrate detailed knowledge requires explanation of the geographic distribution of types of agricultural and horticultural primary production and of the factors influencing this distribution.
 Demonstrate comprehensive knowledge requires applying knowledge of the factors influencing geographic distribution of types of agricultural and horticultural primary production. This may involve comparing and/or contrasting specific factors influencing geographic distribution.
 Factors influencing the geographic distribution of primary production refer to physical, climatic and market factors.
 Physical factors may include topography and soil.
 Climatic factors may include sunshine, rainfall, frost, wind and temperature.
 Market factors may include labour availability, proximity and transport to market, access to airports and/or seaports and access to processing plants.
 Types of agricultural and horticultural primary production may include apples, dairying, deer, fine wool, forestry, arable cropping, kiwifruit and grapes.

4. Contents Distribution What is NZ’s Primary Industry
Mapping NZ’s Primary Industry
NZ Pipfruit Industry (apple focus)
Marketing NZ apples
The NZ Dairy industry
Fonterra – increasing consumer demand

5. Resource - Aotearoa Resource A: Regions of New Zealand
Names of Regions
Northland
Auckland
Waikato
Bay of Plenty
Gisborne / East Coast
Hawke’s Bay
Taranaki
Wanganui
Manawatu
Wairarapa
Wellington
Nelson & Bays
Marlborough
West Coast
Canterbury
South Canterbury / North Otago
Otago
Southland
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6. Resource – Climate info
REGION
MEAN ANNUAL
Temperature
Number of days with frosts
Rainfall (mm)
Sunshine (hours)
Temperature (°C)
Very highest (°C)
Very lowest (°C)
Northland
1412
2021
15.6
30.8
-0.1 5
Auckland
1240
2060
15.1
30.5
-2.5 10
Bay of Plenty
1198
2260
14.5
33.7
-5.3 42
Waikato
1190
2009
13.7
34.7
-9.9 63
Gisborne
1051
2180
14.3
38.1 33
Taranaki
1432
2182
30.3
-2.4 15
Hawkes Bay
803
2188
35.8
-3.9 29
Wanganui
882
2043
14.0
32.3
-2.3 7
Manawatu
967
1733
13.3
33.0
-6.0 38
Wairarapa
979
1915
12.7
35.2
-6.9 60
Wellington
1249
2065
12.8
31.1
-1.9
Nelson
970
2405
12.6
36.3
-6.6 88
Marlborough
655
2409
12.9
36.0
-8.8
West Coast
2875
1860
11.7
30.0
-3.4 54
Canterbury
648
2100
12.1
41.6
-7.1 70
South Canterbury / North Otago
573
1826
11.2
37.2
-6.8 84
Otago
812
1585
11.0
35.7
-8.0 58
Southland
1112
1614
9.9
32.2
-9.0 94

8. Resource D: Sea Ports and Airports
International airport

9. What is NZ’s Primary Industry
Primary: Being first in a list, series, or sequence
Industry:A specific branch of manufacture and trade
A Primary Industry is therefore a business that is the first in a series of business?
Primary Industry refers to a business that turns natural resources into products eg farming and fishing.

10. Which of these are not examples of a primary industry.

11. NZ’s Primary industry sectors
Agriculture
Forestry
Horticulture
Aquaculture

12. Match the following primary Industries to the correct sector
Agriculture
Forestry
Horticulture
Aquaculture
Vitaculture
Dairying
Pip fruit (eg apples)
Berries
Grapes
Pork
Citrus
Cut flowers
Arable crops (eg wheat)
Pinus radiata
Poultry
Deer
Extensive sheep and beef
Semi-intensive sheep and beef
Market gardens
wool

13. Map of NZ showing trends in Land-use

14. What are the factors that influence what the land can be used for in NZ
Physical factors
topography
aspect
Soil
Climate factors
Rainfall
Temperature (inc frost)
Sunlight hours
Wind
Market factors
labour availability
market proximity

15. Case study one. NZ apples
Apples are NZ’s third largest horticultural crop
In 2007 export apples earned NZ $343,000,000

16. Apples in NZ Apple trees require a dry summer and cool winter.
The apple tree thrives in locations that have a distinct winter period (the tree must have a dormancy period of at least hours per year under 7.2ºC)
The summer needs to be dry and warm with intense sunshine.
Nelson, Hawkes Bay and Otago and have the climate and soil fertility ideally suited for growing apples
Conditions found in Nelson produce fantastic colour, texture and flavour in apples.
Link to ENZA – showing varieties grown in each region

17. Apples in NZ Major apple growing regions in NZ Hawke’s Bay Nelson
Otago
Minor regions
Wairarapa
Marlborough
Link to Niwa climate data - graphs

18. Apples in NZ Practice Question
Explain how TWO physical factors influence the location of the apple orchards in NZ.
Explanation of physical factor (climatic):
Explanation of physical factor (topography):
The climate ideally is moderate in rainfall so that the grower does not have the cost of irrigation.
High sunshine hours, cool winters, and warm summers allow the fruit to develop and ripen.
the topography of the land used for apple trees is flat plains, which allows for easier harvesting and management of the trees (pruning and thinning).

19. Apples in NZ Labour availability
Apples require major seasonal work inputs.
Feb March April – Picking
June July August – Prunning
November – Thinning
This requires the orchards to be located in areas where seasonal workers live or can easily relocate to.
Click for link to Seasonal work website

20. Apples in NZ Market Proximity
The majority of apples in NZ are exported as ‘fresh’. A minor amount are exported as processed (eg apple juice).
Each orchard needs to be able to transport their apples quickly to a packing and storage facility.
Nelson has multiple packing houses and coolstores

21. Link to Jazz site – packaging options

22. Link to jazz – promotional website

23. Apples in NZ If your orchard is close to a pack house and cool store
Transport costs are reduced
Risk of damage in transit is reduced
Product can be placed in ideal storage conditions quickly, reducing perishability.

24. NZ Dairy Industry
The value of New Zealand dairy exports in was $NZ billion,
The dairy industry is New Zealand’s biggest export earner
New Zealand has 11,618 dairy herds and 4.25 million dairy cows and heifers in milk in (2008/09).
New Zealand produces about 2% of total world production at around 16 billion litres per annum but, unlike most other countries, around 95% of it's dairy produce is exported rather than consumed by the domestic market.
New Zealand is the world’s largest butter exporter and accounts for about 44% of all traded butter.

25. NZ Dairy Industry
In summary NZ is very good at making top quality dairy products at a low cost!
Key strengths of New Zealand’s world-class dairy industry are its:
efficient all-grass farming system,
large-scale processing,

26. NZ Dairy Industry
Dairy cow Feed supply curve (when does the grass grow)
The better matched feed supply is to feed demand – the cheaper it is to produce milk
Feed Demand information (NZ Dairy Website)

27. Daily milking cow requirements: kg DM/cow/day at 11.0 MJ ME/kg DM
Breed kg Lwt kg MS/cow/day J J
J x F Fr Fr
Data from DairyNZ -

28. NZ Dairy Industry Dairy Cow Feed demand Curve
Late summer drying off Birth (start of lactation)
Feed requirements

29. NZ Dairy Industry
The better matched feed supply is to feed demand – the cheaper it is to produce milk
Too much grass
Too little grass
Feed Demand information (NZ Dairy Website)

30. NZ Dairy Industry Feed supply – when does the grass grow
A top producing dairy farm would have a pasture growth curve more like the red line. Note the more even seasonal growth giving less dips and peaks in pasture growth.
Feed Demand information (NZ Dairy Website)

31. NZ Dairy Industry
In summary a good diary farm will have a climate that enables the grass to grow all year round.
Climate conditions for this include
Mild winters (warm winter temperatures)
This keeps the soil temperature up over winter and allows a good ‘cover’ of grass going into calving
Reliable rainfall over summer
This enables the grass to keep over summer and extend the lactation period through to autumn
Note: ‘cover’ of grass = amount of grass stored in the paddock waiting to be fed to the cows

32. Key Dairy Farm areas in NZ
Northland
Waikato
Taranaki
Manawatu
Otago/Southland (with the introduction of irrigation)
Link to picture of irrigated Southland dairy farm

33. NZ Dairy Industry Market Factors.
Most NZ dairy farms have the ability to store their milk for 2 to 3 days in one of these. After this it needs one of these to visit.

34. NZ Dairy Industry
Therefore dairy farms need to be close to a milk processing factory or collection point.
Link to map showing location of Fontera dairy factories

35. NZ Dairy Industry
When formed in 2001, Fonterra was owned by 11,000 dairy farmers and supplied 95% of the country’s milk.
The volume and reliability of Fonterra’s milk supply, which comes from more than 12,000 dairy farmers, has made it one of the top 10 dairy companies in the world. It is the leading New Zealand exporter of dairy products and is responsible for a third of international dairy trade.
Fonterra’s global milk supply comes from farms in New Zealand, Australia, Chile and China, and it sells products to customers and consumers in 140 countries. It collects more than 13 billion litres of milk a year, and manufactures and markets over 1.8 million tonnes of product annually. It has around 20,000 staff in 40 countries, with over half of its staff working outside New Zealand.

36. NZ Dairy Industry
How does Fontera as a grower organisation increase consumer demand?
By having a large and reliable supply – Fontera can negotiate large trade agreements with different countries or large companies.
These trade aggreements mean that NZ dairy farmers have access to these markets and can therefore produce more milk to fill t he market needs.