1. Air Pollution- Measures to Improve Air Quality Cheung Wing Yu 7S (24) Poon Shu Ying 7S (29)

2. Use of Unleaded Petrol

3. Tetraethyllead(IV) [(CH3CH2)4Pb] anti-knock agent produces lead oxide which combine with the free radicals produced in combustion during burning  slows down the reaction; makes it smoother  prevent knocking

4. Lead halides is volatile and inactivate the catalysts in the catalytic converter Reduce the amount of toxic lead compounds in the air  use of unleaded petrol

5. Installation of catalytic converters in car exhaust systems

6. Major source of air pollution  nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons Catalytic converter  reduce the emission of these pollutants Converter contains: precious metals, rhodium and platinum, as catalyst In catalytic converter: 2NO+2CO  N2+CO2 2CO+O2  2CO2 *Catalysts are poisoned by lead compounds  it is essential to use unleaded petrol

7. A Catalytic converter

8. Limitation of Sulphur Content in Fuels

9. Sulphur dioxides Emitted from factories and power plants burning fossil fuels Dissolve in rain water to form acid rain: SO 3(aq) +H2O (l)  H 2 SO 4 ( aq)

10. Determination of SO 2 Bubbling air through acidified potassium dichromate solution, the colour of the solution will change from orange to dark green as sulphur dioxide is a reducing agent: 3SO 2 (aq) + Cr 2 O 7 2- (aq) + 2H + (aq) → 3SO 4 2- (aq) + 2Cr 3+ (aq) + H2O(l)

11. Desulphurization of the flue gas

12. Flue-gas Desulphurization (FGD) Sulphur compounds are the main cause of acid rain flue-gas desulphurization (FGD) ( 煙氣脫硫 ) process of removing harmful sulphur pollution FGD can remove 90% of the sulphur dioxide emitted from the boiler plant The process is environmentally beneficial but expensive, to the cost of electricity generation.

13. FGD Process System

14. Desulphurization of the flue gas Using limestone as the absorbent. ‚Boiler flue gas is directed into the absorber inside which layers of grid packings with fountain type spray banks installed. ƒThe wetted walls of the grid packings serve as surfaces for the interaction of recycle slurry droplets containing a suspension of limestone and reaction products with the flue gas flowing concurrently.

15. ƒA regenerative gas heater is adopted to heat up the clean gas leaving the absorber to a temperature of >80 o C. „This is to minimise the effect of condensation of flue gas and to ascertain its effective dispersion to the atmosphere. …The filtrate generated therefore is directed to the waste water treatment system for treatment before discharging.

16. Installation of Electrostatic Precipitators in Power Plants

17. Fly ash Generated by coal-fire power plants Cannot be burnt Cause pollution if released directly  install electrostatic precipitators in power plant

18. Electrostatic Precipitators particles pass through an electrical field charged particles are resulted pass through a series of alternately charged collection plates repelled by plates with the same polarity and attracted to plates with opposite polarity Clean air is discharged Fly ash collected is used to make construction materials (eg. cement), or for landfill purpose

19. Installation of low nitrogen oxide burners in power plants

20. Nitrogen Oxides ‘nitrogen oxides’ (NOx) usually refers to NO and NO2 formed in at least 2 ways: (i) nitrogen in the combustion air reacts with oxygen at high temperature in a series of complex reaction to form nitrogen monoxide (ii) fossil fuels may contain nitrogen compounds. When these fuels are burnt, the nitrogen content is oxidized.

21. The power plants in Hong Kong have been equipped with low nitrogen oxide burners The low NOx burner system utilizes combustion control method  reduce NOx formation  reduce air pollution

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