1. Congestion Mitigation Strategies: Alternatives to the City’s plan New York City Traffic Congestion Mitigation Commission December 10, 2007

2. Overview of presentation and research

3. * Includes public employees using placards Source: 2007 survey of 1,600 drivers in the Manhattan CBD Parking: Increase the cost of parking in the CBD The current market for parking in the CBD:

4. Parking: Policy options studied  Three options with VMT impact:  Eliminating resident exemption for parking tax or raise parking tax  Increase rates for metered on-street parking  Introduce overnight on-street parking fee  Reduce use of parking placards by public employees  Three options have essentially no VMT impact:  Parking “freeze”  Tax off-street parking as income  Parking “cash-out”

5. Parking: Eliminate Manhattan resident parking tax exemption  Option: Charge Manhattan residents the same parking tax (18⅜%) as other parkers.  Currently residents receive an exemption that reduces their parking tax to 10⅜%.  Applies to: Manhattan residents that currently receive exemption  VMT Impact  0.05% reduction  Revenue: $22 million

6. Parking: Raise the parking tax  Option: Raise parking tax to 28⅜% or 38⅜% for all parkers  Applies to: All parkers who pay to park off-street  VMT Impact  0.2% (if tax rises to 28⅜%)  0.3% (if tax rises to 38⅜%)  Parking garage operators might absorb the cost of the tax, resulting in smaller VMT reduction  Revenue: $71 million (28⅜%) or $120 million (38⅜%)

7. Parking: Raise the parking tax  Recap:

8. Parking: Increase rates for on-street parking  Option: Increase the price of all metered parking spaces in the CBD. Prices could be determined by time of day or location.  Applies to: on-street, metered parking in the CBD  VMT Impact  0.5% VMT reduction  Revenue: $17 million

9. Parking: Introduce overnight on-street parking fee  Option: Implement a $2 fee for overnight on-street parking in the CBD during the week.  Applies to: on-street, metered and unmetered parking in the CBD  VMT Impact  0.4% VMT reduction (most of this reduction would take place at night)  Revenue: $7 million

10. Parking: Reduce use of parking placards by public employees  Option: Remove free on-street parking for government employees currently commuting to Manhattan jobs  Applies to: on-street parking for government employees with placards  VMT Impact  0.10% VMT reduction for 3,000 placards  0.17% VMT reduction for 5,000 placards  0.33% VMT reduction for 10,000 placards  Revenue: $0

11. Taxi: Additional taxi stands to reduce cruising  Option: Require that passengers be picked up at designated taxi stands  Applies to: all medallion (yellow) taxis  VMT impact  VMT may rise or fall depending on how far taxis travel back to a taxi stand after discharging a passenger, so VMT cannot be estimated reliably  Revenue: $0

12.  Option: Apply $1 or $2 fare surcharges for taxi and for-hire-vehicle travel within Manhattan south of 86th Street  Applies to: Medallion taxis, black cars, neighborhood car services and limousines  VMT impact:  $1 Surcharge: 0.3% reduction  $2 Surcharge: 0.6% reduction  Revenue:  $1 surcharge: $70 million  $2 surcharge: $140 million Taxi: Apply surcharge to taxi and livery fares

13.  Option: Prohibits vehicles from entering based on license plate  Applies to: all passenger vehicles  VMT impact:  3.1 % reduction (restriction applied 1 in 10 days)  6.2 % reduction (restriction applied 1 in 5 days)  Revenue: $0.  Will reduce MTA and PA toll revenues that subsidize transit  Option: Prohibits vehicles from entering based on license plate  Applies to: all passenger vehicles  VMT impact:  3.1 % reduction (restriction applied 1 in 10 days)  6.2 % reduction (restriction applied 1 in 5 days)  Revenue: $0.  Will reduce MTA and PA toll revenues that subsidize transit License Plate Rationing

14. Required Carpooling  Option: Prohibit single-occupant vehicles (SOVs) from entering Manhattan south of 60th Street weekdays, 6 a.m. to 10 a.m.  Applies to: SOVs. Does not apply to taxis, commercial vehicles, and motorcycles  VMT Impact:  Given that SOVs comprise 59% of vehicles entering CBD, expect VMT reduction, though magnitude is unclear  Revenue: $0.  Will reduce MTA and PA toll revenues that subsidize transit  Option: Prohibit single-occupant vehicles (SOVs) from entering Manhattan south of 60th Street weekdays, 6 a.m. to 10 a.m.  Applies to: SOVs. Does not apply to taxis, commercial vehicles, and motorcycles  VMT Impact:  Given that SOVs comprise 59% of vehicles entering CBD, expect VMT reduction, though magnitude is unclear  Revenue: $0.  Will reduce MTA and PA toll revenues that subsidize transit

15. Creation of High-Occupancy Toll (“HOT”) lanes  Option: Create HOT lanes for passenger cars on major crossings into Manhattan and highways leading to Manhattan CBD  Applies to: all vehicles  VMT impact:  0%, unless a substantial number of general travel lanes are reallocated to buses, ridesharing vehicles and/or goods movement  Revenue: Uncertain  Option: Create HOT lanes for passenger cars on major crossings into Manhattan and highways leading to Manhattan CBD  Applies to: all vehicles  VMT impact:  0%, unless a substantial number of general travel lanes are reallocated to buses, ridesharing vehicles and/or goods movement  Revenue: Uncertain