1. Lethal and Non lethal Maj Bruce Gilchrist NATO LCG 1 Weapons and Sensors Team NATO Task Group SCI-178 / RTG-043 Dismounted Soldier System Weapon Systems Project Director: Small Arms Modernization Project & Special Weapons And Ammunition Project September 21-22, 2010 Château Cartier Gatineau, Que. Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap Human and Systems Integration Workshop

2. Outline Non- Lethal –Background –Requirements Lethal –Background –Requirements

3. WHY NON-LETHAL EFFECTS? Military forces are more frequently deployed within population centres; 3D approach to operations leads to a more responsible approach to the use of force; Counter-insurgency operations are more frequent where combatants are not clearly identifiable; Need to discriminate between potential opponents and local population; Need to minimize undesired casualties, damages and fratricide; and Force needs to be applied proportionally with scalable effects.

4. ESCALATION OF FORCE CONTINUUM THE CAPABILITY GAP 100m 0m20m60m80m DETERMINE INTENT 40m Warning Shot DEADLY FORCE ESCALATION OF FORCE Capability GAP

5. NON LETHAL ESCALATION OF FORCE CONTINUUM 100m 0m 20m 60m80m DETERMINE INTENT 40m ESCALATION OF FORCE Warning and Hailing Devices that warn off & help determine intent at the longest range possible range. Does not ensure compliance. NL Pain Compliance Pain Compliance Deterrent Is not a substitute to the use of deadly force & not a mandatory step Deadly Force

6. CAPABILITY REQUIRED The Army requires a Non-Lethal capability to warn, confirm intent, discriminate and ensure compliance from local populations of an undetermined combat status, within a range ensuring force protection and capability overmatch. Such a capability would enable the Army to manage escalation of forces events and ensure necessary steps are taken to ensure force protection while limiting non-combatant casualties.

7. AMMUNITION REQUIREMENT Improved range (closer/longer); Improved accuracy; Scalable effects (close to long range with the same round); Reproducable, measured effects against an industry/scientific standard; Militarised ammunition reliability standards (usage/storage); Reversible effects; and Reliable, immediate effects on the target.

8. WARNING AND HAILING Smaller, lighter, multi-function devices. For example: –Dazzler+white light+IR light+strobe –Accoustic + real time 2 way translation Voice Translation: hands-free, true 2 way, immediate, 99.9% reliable.

9. WHY LETHAL EFFECTS? Force needs to be applied proportionally with scalable effects Top end of the scale is fully lethal Must be a credible to provide a deterrence to those who are ready to use violence against us

10. Lethality results from Disruption of the central nervous system Blood loss Infection 5 Important Factors Shot Placement Everything Else – calibre, barrel length, etc Lethality

11. Manufactured 1943 to 1945 Manufactured 1945 to 1953 Acquired for pest/wildlife control Not compatible with modern night vision or other sensors No foreign weapons for famil training No breaching weapons/ modern grenades No Marksmen Capability Manufactured 1950 to 1955 No national stocks remaining / more than 300 sent for disposal in the last few years without replacement Not compatible with new ammunition

12. Average Canadian Soldier is 82 kg 32% of 82 kg = 26.2 kg Ammo and Weapons – 9 kg Ballistic Protection – 10 kg Clothing, Indiv Eqpt, Load Carriage – 9 kg Radio, NVGs, LAD, GPS + batteries – 6 kg Water – 3 kg TOTAL – 37kg + at temp above 40C WEIGHT ON OPERATIONS Room for weight reduction

13. AN/PVS-14 NVG (1 AA battery) Maglite (2 AA battery) PRR (2 AA battery) GPS (3 AA battery) EOTech Holographic Sight (2 AA battery) AN/PVS-505 Kite Sight (2 AA battery) AN/PAC-4C model 7500 Laser Pointer (2 AA battery) Insight M3X Tactical Flashlight (2 Li-ion CR123A batteries) BCID Beacon - TAG IR (1AA battery) Spares – Mission duration dependant TOTAL –At least 15 AA and 2 CR123 batteries daily Op MEDUSA, Supply shipped over 17500 AA batteries to one Infantry company alone, in the space of 2 weeks! POWER ON OPERATIONS

14. Summary Not this

15. Future Requirement Increased Precision for both Hit and Effect Reduction of System Weight Reduction of Power requirement Integrated into the Soldier System –Networked Weapons IFF Use the information available to direct the soldier onto the target –Ergonomics Compatible with soldier protective equipment –Multi-effects Lethal and non-lethal in one system Modular to allow the weapon to be adapted for the mission

16. Summary Even better, but the uniform would be ISSP not a small arms responsibility

17. CONCLUSION The local population will not go away and their support must won and maintained: –Precision is critical; –Identification of Combatant/Non-Combatant is critical; –Serious need to invest in NL capabilities for the future; The use of separate NL launchers carries unacceptable risks if force escalates rapidly; All systems must be simple to use & modular; System Weight and Power need to be reduced; Scalable effects are highly desirable; National & International Issues including the Laws of War must be considered.