1. Invertebrate psychophysics allows detailed characterization of learning and memory, sensory acuity and perception Neural and behavioral plasticity

2. Olfactory learning can be used to assay acuity: Generalization of CR to odors of increasing difference Conditioning odor Odor dimension (carbon chain length) Generalization gradient | Similar odors || Different odorsDifferent odors | Response probability

3. .60.50.40.30.20.10 0 123456 Conditioning Trials Response probability 2-hexanone 1-hexanol 1-decanol Acquisition of CR to the conditioning odor N=80/group

4. 1-Hexanol 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanone 1-Octanol 2-Octanone 1-Decanol 2-Hexanone Cyclohexanone.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10 0 Response probability 1-Hexanol 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanone 1-Octanol 2-Octanone 1-Decanol 2-Decanone Cyclohexanone Response probability.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10 0 2-Hexanone 1-Heptanol 2-Heptanone 1-Octanol 2-Octanone 1-Decanol 2-Decanone Cyclohexanone Response probability.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10 0 CS ketone alcohol cyclohexanone Generalization of the CR to conditioning and test odors N=80/group

5. Inhibitory gradient Summation of + and – gradients along a single odor dimension Summed inhibitory and excitatory gradients Excitatory generalization gradient Theoretical odor dimension

6. .60.50.40.30.20.10 0 12 34 56 Conditioning Trials Response probability 1-octanol (A) 1-hexanol (B).80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10 0 1-Heptanol 1-Octanol 1-Decanol 1-Hexanol 1-nonanol Response probability (CS+) (CS-) Differential conditioning produces + and – gradients which overlap along a single dimension and summate in predictable ways.

7. .60 50.40.30.20.10 0 12 34 56 Conditioning Trials A. Response probability 1-heptanol (+) 1-hexanol (-) 1-Heptanol 1-Octanol 1-Decanol 1-Hexanol.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10 0 (+) (-) B. Response probability a b a a Differential conditioning produces + and – gradients which overlap along a single dimension and summate in predictable ways.

8. Methods for measuring odor detection thresholds characterize sensitivity to odor.

10. Methods for measuring antennal sensitivity to odor.

12. Methods for measuring odor discrimination thresholds.

15. Do local networks within the AL function to enhance olfactory acuity generally? Detection Generalization Discrimination

16. Generalization Do local networks within the AL function to enhance olfactory acuity generally?

17. Discrimination Do local networks within the AL function to enhance olfactory acuity generally?

18. Detection Do local networks within the AL function to enhance olfactory acuity generally?