1. Use of pesticides and residues in wine Patrizia Restani SCRAISIN - March 2009 Patrizia Restani SCRAISIN - March 2009

2. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues (PPR) (Question N° EFSA-Q-2006-160) Adopted on 15 April 2008 The combined toxicity of two or more compounds can take three possible forms: dose-addition, response- addition, or interaction. However, having considered the evidence on the different forms of combined toxicity and their potential relevance to risk assessment for pesticide residues at the levels occurring in food, the PPR Panel limited this opinion to the possible impact of dose addition. In particular, the PPR Panel noted that although toxic interactions from pesticide residues in food cannot be ruled out, there is no empirical evidence for their occurrence at the expected levels of exposure from pesticide residues in food. The combined toxicity of two or more compounds can take three possible forms: dose-addition, response- addition, or interaction. However, having considered the evidence on the different forms of combined toxicity and their potential relevance to risk assessment for pesticide residues at the levels occurring in food, the PPR Panel limited this opinion to the possible impact of dose addition. In particular, the PPR Panel noted that although toxic interactions from pesticide residues in food cannot be ruled out, there is no empirical evidence for their occurrence at the expected levels of exposure from pesticide residues in food.

3. MRLs Maximum Residue Levels reflect levels of pesticides that could occur in products, which are treated in accordance with Good Agricultural Practices

5. RfD Definition NOAEL RfD= ------------- UF where NOAEL is No observed adverse effect level UF is uncertainty Espressed as mg/kg body weight

6. Acute RfD An estimate of a daily oral exposure for an acute duration (24 hours or less) to the human population (including susceptible subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of adverse health effects over a lifetime

7. Acceptable Daily Intake NOEL or NOAEL ADI = ------------------------ SF NO(A)EL = the highest dose without (adverse) effect in laboratory animals Espressed as mg/kg body weight SF = safety factor (10-1000)

9. MRL and European Union http://ec.europa.eu/sanco_pesticides/public/index.cfm

10. MRL and European Union http://ec.europa.eu/sanco_pesticides/public/index.cfm

11. MRL and European Union http://ec.europa.eu/sanco_pesticides/public/index.cfm

12. MRL and European Union http://ec.europa.eu/sanco_pesticides/public/index.cfm

13. Pesticide residues Committee First quarter 2008: grape PRC Conclusions (211 pesticides researched): None of the residues detected would be expected to have an effect on health. Published 25 September 2008 by http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/prc_home.asp

14. Pesticide residues Committee First quarter 2008: wine Published 25 September 2008 by http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/prc_home.asp Searched 237 pestidices Screening risk assessments were done for all residues found. None of residues found gave acute intakes the ARfD or ADI. Combined risk Assessment: None required.

15. Dossier Pesticidi nel piatto LEGAMBIENTE 2008

16. International Estimated Daily Intake IEDI = Σ (Residues in each vegetable x average consumption) Values expressed as mg/kg b.w. Problems: 1.Different diets in geographical area (EFSA 26 diets for chronic intake, 18 for acute intake) 2.Groups of consumers (newborn, children and adults)

17. IEDI (mg/kg) --------------------- ADI (mg/kg) International Estimated Daily Intake: pesticide intake by the diet Acceptable Daily Intake RISK FROM PESTICIDE PRESENT IN VEGETABLES

18. Percentage distribution the ratio NEDI/ADI for pesticides found in vegetables in Italy (2004-2006)

19. Percentage distribution of pesticides according to the safety factor in Italy (2004-2006)