1. INNOVATIVE & INTEGRATED APPROACH TO HEAVY METAL REMEDIATION
H2O 2014
Shanghai
November 14, 2014

2. Agenda
Overview
Goals and Objectives
Remediation Approach

3. Overview China’s fast socio-economic development since the 1980s
capital and resource-intensive – negative environmental and health impacts
tough challengeS - natural resource depletion, pollution and environmental degradation
Rapid urbanization in recent years has resulted in the need to redevelop industrial land once occupied – and contaminated – by old industries, which have helped bring the issue of the remediation and redevelopment of contaminated lands (often referred to as brownfields) to the forefront
Brownfields pose two categories of problems:
environmental and public health risks
obstacles to urban and local economy development, particularly if ultimately they remain unused.

4. COMMON Contaminants:
Heavy metals
Organic contaminants
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
Environmental and health risks:
Soil
Groundwater
Surface hazards
Ongoing liability

5. Heavy metals sources Exposure pathways iNDUSTRIAL waste
AGRICULTURAL – bad fertilizer
Mining – acid mine drainage
Exposure pathways
Airborne emissions
Waste disposal
Wastewater discharge
Sludge deposits
Soil contamination at manufacturing sites
Groundwater pollution through infiltration of pollutants

6. Goals Integrated technical framework Pollution management
Reduce public exposure to contaminated land
Sustainable natural resource management
Safe redevelopment

7. Objectives (Brownfield Site)
Demolition of structures at remediation sites
Construction of remediation infrastructure
Access roads
Water management
Soil and groundwater cleanup
Treat soil and sediments
Close dump site
Remove and dispose of industrial waste

8. Future Land Use considerations
Industrial & manufacturing facility
Government complexes
residential
Commercial
Recreational activities
Eco-park
Constructed lake/wetland area

9. Project Team
Easen – Specializes in soil, water, mine, and industrial waste remediation. Easen offers a complete spectrum of services from site characterization through in situ and ex situ application of remediation technologies.
EnviroLogek - Specializes in the development and application of environmental investigation and remediation technologies on five continents since 1998.
ReSolution Partners – Specializes in remediation design and the development of treatment technologies for heavy metals and organic compounds since 1994.

10. Team Capabilities Site characterization/investigation
Remediation design
Creative remedial options
Focus on sustainable solutions
Integrate remediation with redevelopment
Cost-effective remedies
Regulatory goals and appropriate test methods
Treatability studies
Reagent supply
Infrastructure
Implementation of selected remedies
Site closure

11. High Resolution Site Characterization Technology (HRSC)
Quickly Identify Contaminant Mass Location Vertically & Horizontally
Identify Contaminant Mass Location in Reference to Subsurface Lithology
Define Subsurface Lithology in Relation to Optimal Application & Injection Hydraulics
Membrane interface probe
Hydraulic profiling tool
Ultra-violet optical screening tool

12. Typical Test Methods - Metals
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)
Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure (SPLP)
Site-specific leaching procedures (SSLP with groundwater, waste water)
Multiple Extraction Procedure (MEP)
Physiologically Based Extraction Test (PBET)
familiar with test methods in China and has performed treatability studies on China soils.

13. Treatment Options - Soil
Bioremediation (organics)
Chemical oxidation (organics)
Soil washing (organics & inorganics)
Solidification (heavy metals and organics)
Stabilization (heavy metals)
Thermal desorption (organics)

14. Treatment Options - Groundwater
Bioremediation for organics
Pump & treat for control of dissolved metal and organic contaminants
Permeable reactive barriers (containment)
Iron
Zeolite / Ion exchange
Reagent injection
Stabilization of metals
Oxidation of organic compounds
Zero valent iron

15. CHEMICAL REAGENT TECHNOLOGY IS A COMBINATION OF AN ENGINEERED SOLUTION, APPLICATION KNOW-HOW AND UNIQUE REAGENTS
SPECIALLY FORMULATED BASED ON WASTE PROFILE
ADDED TO METAL-LADEN SOIL AS POWDER OR INTO THE GROUND AS A SLURRY SOLUTION
SEQUESTERED WITHIN THE FINE PARTICLES OF THE PRODUCT AS INSOLUBLE MINERALS
NEUTRALIZES ACIDITY
TRAPPED BY ADSORPTION - HIGH SURFACE-TO-VOLUME RATIO AND A HIGH CHARGE-TO-MASS RATIO
PRECIPITATION, CO- PRECIPITATION, AND ISOMORPHOUS SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS (I.E., INCREASINGLY FORMED BY RECRYSTALLISATION PROCESSES).

16. Implementation Methods Reagents can be applied in situ or ex situ in
Injection
Mechanical mixing
Trenching (Permeable reactive barriers)
Reagents can be applied in situ or ex situ in
Dry, granular form
As a solution, or slurry

17. IN-SITU REAGENT DELIVERY
HIGH-PRESSURE INJECTION VIA DIRECT PUSH METHODOLOGY
INJECTION PARAMETERS:
CONCENTRATION OF CONTAMINANT(S) IN SOIL (MG/KG) & GROUNDWATER
SOIL POROSITY & HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY
VOLUME OF WASTE TO BE TREATED - LITRES OF WATER AND M3 OF SOIL TO BE TREATED
TOTAL ACTUAL ACIDITY (TAA) AND TOTAL POTENTIAL ACIDITY (TPA)
CONFIDENCE FACTOR (E.G., CONTAMINANTS, LITHOLOGY, HYDROGEOLOGY, DISTRIBUTION FACTORS, CONTACT TIME AND DELIVERY METHODS)
TOTAL REAGENT VOLUME TO BE APPLIED

18. Engineering Control For Optimal Injection Pressure
Q/A=Keffective (Pinjection-ρwater gh)/h
Where:
Q/A = the flow rate applied over the area of the expanding mound.
Vertical flow ceases as the mound height (h) reaches the pressure
limit or the selected “not to exceed” injection pressure.
Keffective= Vertical Hydraulic conductivity
Pinjection = 60% of the allowable injection pressureρwater = Density of water
g = Gravitational acceleration
h = mound height above water table

19. Soil Washing Fast, high throughput soil remediation and soil recycling
Matrix Enhanced Treatment: able to treat up to 150 different contaminants
Wet Extraction Source Treatment: able to treat moisture rich soils including clays, sediments and drill cuttings
Works with a wide variety of reagents, surfactants, oxidants
Mobile units capable of treating 40 to 320 tons/hour

20. Self propelled mobile soil washing plant
Multiple fluid injection capability
High volume fixed soil washing plant

21. Sustainable Remediation Alternative - Metals
Traditional Approach
Sustainable Alternative
Excavation of metals- contaminated soil from site
Backfill site with clean fill
Dispose as hazardous waste
Haul hazardous materials to limited landfill locations (increased carbon footprint)
Chemically stabilize metals to render non-hazardous
Potentially reuse stabilized soil
Dispose as non-haz material
More disposal options locally for solid waste management (non-hazardous)

22. Comparing Options: 1. Off-Site Hazardous Waste
Metals in soil that exceed a regulatory limit
High cost management option
Readily accepted by regulators
Limited disposal locations

23. Comparing Options: 2. Off-Site Non-Hazardous Waste
Stabilized soil removes leaching concerns
10-40% lower cost (US) than haz waste disposal
Expanded disposal location options
Reduced transportation liability

24. Comparing Options: 3. On-Site Soil Management
20-50% lower cost (US) than solid waste management
Recycle/Reuse soil (no backfill)
Greater project design flexibility

25. What is metals stabilization?
Add reagents to form minerals in soil and aquifers to reduce:
Leaching from soil
Groundwater concentrations
Toxicity
Reagents are typically:
Common agricultural and industrial products
Pose little to no hazard to the environment

26. Stabilization Reagent Examples - Metals
Phosphates: mineral formation (Pb)
Iron: adsorption (As), co-precipitation (As, Ni), reduction (Cr)
Sulfide: mineral formation (Hg, As, Pb), reduction (Cr)
pH: mineral formation, adsorption (Pb, Cd)
Biological/carbon: reduction, adsorption (Cr, As, Se)
Proprietary reagents typically based on above, singly or in combination.

27. Case Study - Demonstration Project, Changsha Site, April 2014
Leachable chromium concentration reduced from 3.79 to trace level in 24 hours after treatment

28. Remediation Approach Review available site data
Discuss specifics of future land use
Integrate information into preliminary remediation design
Develop site characterization/investigation workplan that supports project goals

29. Remediation Approach (cont.)
Implement site investigation
Perform treatability study
Summarize preliminary results
Discuss remediation goals and test methods
Finalize treatment program
Prepare findings and conclusions for review of remedial options
Finalize remediation design and workplan
Implement approved remediation workplan

30. Remedy Design Considerations
Remediation goals
Stabilization/treatment design
Site characterization
Treatability studies
End use evaluation
Exposure risks
Cost implications

31. Site Design Goals 5-10 different remediation models/approaches
Tailored remediation to specific site characteristics
Flexibility to change from one remediation and restoration approach to another based on future land use

32. Fully-Integrated Project Team
Site Characterization
Remediation Design
Treatability Studies
Treatment Reagents/Methods
Turn-key Implementation