1. Metabolism

2. Chapter 5 Why Study Metabolism? Classification of bacteria –Oxygen Tolerance –Biochemical reactions Acids, Ammonia, Gases Fermentation Products –Food Products Yogurt, Sour Cream, Bread, Alcohol –Commercial Products Citric Acid, Plastics Environmental Cleanup

3. Chapter 5 Ying & Yang of Metabolism Metabolism = Anabolism + Catabolism Photosynthesis requires Respiration Respiration requires Photosynthesis Energy Production = Energy Consumption

4. Chapter 5 Breakdown Proteins to Amino Acids, Starch to Glucose Synthesis Amino Acids to Proteins, Glucose to Starch

5. Chapter 5

7. Overview of Metabolism Source of Energy (Photo- vs. Chemotroph) –Source of Electrons –Carrier of Electrons –Final Electron Acceptor Source of Carbon (Auto- vs. Heterotroph) –Auto- : Carbon Dioxide –Hetero- : Organic Compounds

8. Chapter 5 Classification based on Metabolism Where microbes get their energy? –Sunlight vs. Chemical –Photo- vs. Chemo- trophs How do they obtain carbon? –Carbon Dioxide (or inorganic cmpds.) vs. Organic Compounds (sugars, amino acids) –Auto- vs. Hetero- trophs Examples –Photoautotrophs vs. Photoheterotrophs –Chemoautotrophs vs. Chemoheterotrophs

9. Chapter 5

11. Types of -trophs

12. Chapter 5 Source of Electrons Autotrophs –Photosynthesis –H 2 O, H 2 S Chemotrophs –Organic Compounds –Carbohydrates (C H 2 O) Glucose, Lactose, Sucrose, Mannitol, Citrate –Amino Acids

13. Chapter 5 Electron Carriers Photosynthesis –NADP + H to NADPH Respiration –NAD + H to NADH –FAD + H to FADH Contain Niacin and Riboflavin –Vitamins, not stable –Can’t store these molecules

14. Chapter 5 Final Electron Acceptor Photosynthesis –CO 2 + H’s to CH 2 O –Stores energy Respiration –Aerobic 1/2 O 2 + H 2 to H 2 O –Anaerobic Fermentation

15. Chapter 5 Movement of Electrons Chemical reactions Oxidation Reactions Reduction Reactions Reactions Coupled –Redox reactions

16. Chapter 5

17. Example of Redox Equations

18. Chapter 5 Example of Redox Equations

19. Chapter 5 Example of Redox Equations

20. Chapter 5 Examples ATP  ADP + P –Oxidation, release energy ADP + P  ATP –Reduction, stores energy NAD + H  NADH FADH  FAD + H NH 4 + 1 1/ 2 O 2  NO 2 - +H 2 O + 2H + ATP 2H 2 + O 2  2H 2 O

21. Chapter 5 Examples Cellular Respiration –C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + 38 ATP Photosynthesis –6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + light  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Nitrification –NH 4  NO 2 to NO 3 Ammonia to Nitrite to Nitrate Ammonification –N 2  NH 4

22. Chapter 5 Respiration Overview; – Glucose to Carbon dioxide + Water +Energy –C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 38 ATP –Glucose is highly reduced; contains energy –Oxygen receives the electrons to form energy 4 separate reactions –Glycolysis, Transition Reaction, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport, Chemiosomosis Requires Oxygen

23. Chapter 5 Steps in Respiration Electron Donors –Organic Compounds (Glucose preferred) Electron Carriers –NAD to NADH –FAD to FADH Electron Acceptors-Terminal –O 2 to H 2 O Phosphorylation Reactions –ADP to ATP Chemiosmosis Reactions

24. Chapter 5 Glycolysis- 10 steps Glucose is Phosphorylated to form Fructose 1,6-diphosphate Split to form 2 Glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate Final Products are: –2 Pyruvic Acid (C 3 H 4 O 3 ) Compare to original glucose - C 6 H 12 O 6 –2 NADH –2 ATP

25. Chapter 5

26. Transition Reaction Pyruvic Acid  Acetyl - Co A + CO 2 + NADH C 2 H 4 O 2

27. Chapter 5 Kreb’s Cycle Figure E.3, A29 Acetyl CoA  Carbon Dioxide –C 2 H 4 O 2 to CO 2 –Energy produced/Acetyl CoA (x2 for /Glucose) 3 NADH 1 FADH 1 ATP Metabolic Wheel –Fats, amino acids, etc. enter or leave –Citrate is product of first reaction Simmons Citrate Media

28. Chapter 5 Electron Transport Chain NADH oxidized to NAD FAD reduced to FADH Cytochromes shuffle electrons finally to O 2 –Cytochrome Oxidase important in G - ID H 2 O formed and ATP 3 ATP / 1 NADH 2 ATP / 1 FADH

29. Chapter 5

33. Fermentation Products from Pyruvate Homolactic = Lactic Acid –Yogurt, Lactobacillus Alcohol + CO 2 Propionic Acid Butyric Acid Acetic Acid Succinic Acid Butylene to Acetoin –basis for VP Test (Vogues-Proskauer)

34. Chapter 5 Fermentation Products Alcohol and Carbon Dioxide –Yeast mostly Lactic Acid –Humans, muscles without oxygen –Bacteria (Lactobacillus-yogurt) Butyric Acid –Rancid butter, Clostridium-gangrene Acetoin –Butanediol fermentation in Klebsiella Propionic Acid –Swiss Cheese

35. Chapter 5 Fermentation in Yeast

36. Chapter 5 Fermentation in Muscle

37. Chapter 5

39. Photosynthesis Plants –CO 2 + H 2 O + Light  C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 –Water is split to release electrons Bacteria –H 2 S is used not water Sulfur or Sulfuric Acid formed Oxygen not released –Chlorophyll is different –Strict Anaerobe –Purple & Green Sulfur Bacteria

40. Chapter 5 Chemiosmosis Production of ATP in Electron Transport Electrochemical Gradient Formed between membranes H+ (Protons) generated from NADH Electrical Force (+) & pH Force (Acid) Gradient formed ATPase enzyme that channels H+ from High to Low concentration –3 ATP/NADH –2 ATP/NADH

41. Chapter 5

42. Summary of Respiration Aerobic Respiration –Glycolysis –Transition Rx. –Kreb’s Cycle –Electron Transport Chain Anaerobic Respiration –Pyruvate  Lactic Acid Mixed Acids Alcohol + CO 2 –Recycle NADH –2 ATP / Glucose