1. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Theories of Personality Power Point Presentation by Avidan Milevsky, Ph.D. Touro College South This presentation copyright Susan C. Cloninger. Some images are from "Holy Cow! 250,000 Graphics," by Macmillan Digital Publishing USA.

2. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. CHAPTER ELEVEN DOLLARD AND MILLER: Psychoanalytic Learning Theory

3. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Overview Psychoanalytic Learning Theory: Dollard and Miller  Four fundamental concepts about learning  The learning process  Learning by imitation  The four critical training periods of childhood  Conflict  Frustration and aggression  Language  Neurosis  Psychotherapy  Suppression Psychoanalytic Learning Theory Reconsidered

4. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Preview of Dollard and Miller’s Theory

5. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Four fundamental concepts about learning “In order to learn, one must want something, notice something, do something, and get something.” drive (“want something”) cue (“notice something”) response (“do something”) reward (“get something”)

6. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. drive what a person wants, which motivates learning hunger thirst sexual drive approval-seeking Definition: Examples:

7. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. cue what a person notices, which provides a discriminative stimulus for learning mother calling sight of someone you love Definition: Examples:

8. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. response what a person does, which is learned crying asking for help criticizing someone Definition: Examples:

9. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. response response hierarchy dominant response resultant hierarchy

10. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Example of a response hierarchy: child R 1 : cry R 2 : grab teddy bear R 3 : hide R 4 : demand Daddy R 5 : go quietly to bed

11. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. reward what a person gets as a result of a response in the learning sequence, which strengthens responses because of its drive- reducing effect food approval Definition: Examples:

12. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. The learning process learning dilemma: a situation in which existing responses are not rewarded

13. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. When reinforcement is withheld, the rate of behavior decreases. In this example, if parents ignore a child who cries at bedtime, the child will cry less and less as time goes on.

14. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. When cues signal the appropriate response, we must also consider stimulus generalization discrimination

15. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. gradient of reward The more closely the response is followed by reward, the more it is strengthened. Language can influence this by making a response "close" by talking about it. anticipatory response

16. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning by imitation Learning theory permits careful analysis of 3 kinds of “imitation” or “identification.” same behavior copying matched dependent behavior

17. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. The four critical training periods of childhood 1.Feeding 2.Cleanliness Training 3.Early Sex Training 4.Anger-Anxiety Conflicts

18. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Conflict Gradient of approach Gradient of avoidance

19. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Four types of conflict approach-avoidance avoidance-avoidance approach-approach double approach-avoidance

20. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. approach-avoidance

21. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. avoidance-avoidance

22. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. approach-approach

23. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. double approach-avoidance

24. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Reducing Conflict Trying to reduce conflict compare drugs (alcohol) with psychotherapy...

25. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Frustration and Aggression The frustration- aggression hypothesis  interference with goal attainment  frustration leads to aggression

26. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Modification of the Frustration and Aggression hypothesis  Learning Responses to Frustration  Displacement and Catharsis  Hostile Aggression and Instrumental Aggression  Aggressive Cues  The Role of Emotions

27. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Individual Differences in Aggressive Responses Impact of early experience (child abuse) and failure of ego development Impact of learning Impact of brain development

28. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Language allows discrimination facilitates learning and problem-solving comparison with Freud’s “secondary process” (ego)

29. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Neurosis Schematic Diagram (simplified) of Some Basic Factors Involved in Neurosis as a “stupidity-misery syndrome”

30. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychotherapy teaching behavioral coping teaching discrimination of cues teaching relaxation (drive reduction) language as mediator of learning

31. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Suppression The White Bear Suppression Inventory is correlated with obsessional thinking, depression, and anxiety. And, although people can learn to repress unwanted thoughts, they often "rebound" later, occurring with increased frequency.

32. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Suppression Can be adaptive Can sensitize to (mis)interpretation of other events (projection, for example) Can produce adverse health effects Suppression of thoughts is more helpful than suppression of emotions

33. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychoanalytic Learning Theory Reconsidered

34. Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Review Psychoanalytic Learning Theory: Dollard and Miller Four fundamental concepts about learning The learning process Learning by imitation The four critical training periods of childhood Conflict Frustration and aggression Language Neurosis Psychotherapy Suppression Psychoanalytic Learning Theory Reconsidered