2. Chemical Bonding By James Bonding

3. Atoms C 12 6 Mass Number Mass Number - Number of protons + Neutrons. Atomic Number Atomic Number - Number of protons In a neutral atom the number of electrons and protons are the same. In Carbon it is……… 6

4. Octet Rule To be stable an atom needs…. A full outer shell Noble Gases already have full shells so form no bonds Other elements form bonds to fill the outer shell

5. E l e c t r o n T r a n s f e r L i t h i u m Fluorine

6. Ionic Bonding Most important at the ends of the Periodic Table Na 11 23 F F 17 9

7. Ionic Bonding An electron is transferred Na F

8. Ionic Bonding An electron is transferred to form IONS Na + F - The plus and minus sign shows that these are ions.

9. Ionic Crystals Na + F -

11. Ionic Compounds Conduct Electricity When liquids (Molten and solution)

12. Covalent Bonding The electrons are shared Elements in the middle of the periodic table

14. Covalent Crystals Covalent crystals are formed when pairs of electrons are shared between adjacent atoms.

15. Comparing Bonds CovalentIonic Molecules all separate Ions all joined in one crystal Liquid or gas at room temperature Solid at room temperature Does not dissolve easily Dissolves easily Does not conduct electricity Conducts as liquid and dissolved in water

16. Mixture and Compounds Mixtures – Two elements mingled together Compounds- Two or more elements BONDED together.

17. Molecules Two or more atoms BONDED together

18. Ionic Crystals Ionic crystals are formed by the attraction between positive and negative ions.

19. Covalent Crystals Covalent crystals are formed when pairs of electrons are shared between adjacent atoms.

20. Dr. Tacy Hall’s Artificial Diamond Presses Pictures to the left and below are of diamonds made from graphite. Dr. Hall made diamonds from peanut butter as well.

21. Making Solutions Solvent The liquid Solution Salty water Solute The salt

22. Solubility The solubility of a substance is the maximum amount that can be dissolved in a given quantity of a particular solvent at a given temperature

23. Solubility The solubilities of solids increase with increasing temperatures..

24. Solubility A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute possible at a given temperature; a supersaturated solution contains more dissolved solute than is normally possible at a given temperature and is usually unstable.

25. Polar Liquids Electrolytes are substances that dissociate into ions when dissolved in water; Electrolytes in solution are able to conduct electric current.

26. Plastics Literally means easy to change shape. Water proof and easy to shape. Mostly made out of oil. The poly in their names means POLYMER.

27. Properties of Plastics Easily Moulded and Coloured Do not rot or rust Light Good Insulators of heat and electricity Non-biodegradable still here in 1000000years Monomers small molecules that can be joined together. Polymer is a large molecule made of a chain of smaller molecules

28. Monomers small molecules that can be joined together. Polymer is a large molecule made of a chain of smaller molecules

29. Summary Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Solute, solvent and solution Plastics Compounds Atomic # Mass #

30. H/W P197 Q 10-15