1. Drugs : Organization by Pharmacology

2. Narcotic Drugs Pharmacologically classified as an analgesic
Central Nervous System Depressants
Popular drugs – heroin, morphine, codeine, methadone and propoxyphene

3. Hallucinogens Marijuana Derived from the plant Cannabis
Hashish – concentrated
Sinsemilla – unfertilized flowering tops of the female Cannabis plant
Active ingredient is THC
Potency is normally 4-5%
Simsemilla averages 6-12%
Liquid hashish averages 8-22%
Potential medical uses

4. Hallucinogens
LSD – derived from ergot, a fungus of certain grains and grasses
Powerful drug
Visual hallucinations, changes in moods, anxiety, tension, etc
Flashbacks possible
Phencyclidine – PCP
Human response unpredictable
Dangerous drug – paranoia and violence possible
Schizophrenic behavior possible days after use
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (aka MDMA or ecstasy)
Originally patented as appetite suppressant
Severe adverse reactions, including fatal side effects

5. Depressants Alcohol (aka ethanol, ethyl alcohol, booze, etc.)
Central nervous system depressant
Legalized and most widely used drug
A common effect is impairment
Legal blood alcohol level in Oklahoma
is 0.10%, or 100 mg/dL
Barbiturates
All are derivatives of barbituric acid
Big 5: amobarbital, secobarbital, phenobarbital, pentobarbital and butalbital
Methaqualon
. Tranquilizers
Major players: reserpine, chlorpromazine, meprobamate, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam
Inhalants
Volatile organic solvents – toluene, naphtha, gasoline among others
Initial exhilaration and euphoria followed by impaired judgment, drowsiness and stupor
Danger of liver, heart and brain damage

6. Stimulants Amphetamines
Initial feeling of well-being and alertness followed by fatigue and a loss of appetite
Amphetamine, methamphetamine and “ice” (crystal meth) are favorites
Phenmetrazine and phendimetrazine have similar properties
Cocaine
First used medically by Freud in Europe
Medical use is now limited
Extracted from the leaves of coca plant (Erythroxylon coca)
“Crack” cocaine is the drug of choice
Cocaine produces the strongest psychological compulsions for continued use

7. Drugs: Organized by Control Laws
Federal law restricting the manufacture and distribution of dangerous substances
The U.S. Attorney General has the authority to change the schedules
The criminal penalties associated with this law are greatest with schedules I and II.

8. Controlled Substances Act
Schedule I
No medical use
High potential for abuse
Heroin, LSD, methaqualone and marijuana High potential for abuse
Cocaine, opiates, PCP, amphetamines, methadone and fast-acting barbiturates
Schedule II
Accepted medical use
Potential for psychological or physical dependence
Schedule III
Less potential for abuse than schedules I and II
Currently accepted medical use
Potential for low or moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence
Anabolic steroids, some codeine preparations and some barbiturate preparations (phenobarbital not included)

9. Controlled Substances Act
Schedule IV
Low potential for abuse relative to schedule III drugs
Currently accepted medical use
Relatively low limited dependence risk
Propoxyphene, phenobarbital, meprobamate, diazepam and chlordiazepoxide
Schedule V
Low abuse potential
Medical use
Less potential for producing dependency
Certain opiate drug mixtures that contain non-narcotic medicinal ingredients
Designer drugs
Can be placed under schedule I
Fentanyl analogues
Control of chemical precursors
Example – precursors to amphetamine, methamphetamine and PCP are controlled as schedule II substances

10. Drugs: Organized by Chemistry
Extraction, Separation and isolation
Liquid-Liquid
TLC
HPLC
Characterization
Color tests - often termed presumptive tests
Marquis – purple color in presence of opiates and orange-brown in presence of amphetamines
Dillie-Koppanyi – violet-blue color in presence of barbiturates
Duquenois-Levine – purple color in presence of marijuana
Van Urk – blue-purple color in presence of LSD
Scott – blue color in presence of cocaine
UV and IR Spectroscopy
GC-MS

11. Note that the neutral classification includes thosedrugs that have no ionizable center and those which are amphoteric
Alkaloids are generally derived from plants ehile the nonalkaloids are syhtthetic or semisynthetic

13. Morphine
amphoteric
Dia(acetyl)morphine - opiod, active ingredient in heroin
pKa = 8
Methyl Salicylate - Aspirin
pKa = 3.5

14. Problem#1

15. Problem#2

16. Problem#3

17. Problem#3

18. Problem#3

23. HPLC Separation of Methamphetamines
Column: C8, 4.6 x 150 mm
Mobile Phase:
85% 25 mM phosphate buffer
15% ACN
Flow Rate:  1.0 mL/min
Temperature:  35°C
Detection: 254 nm
Sample: Amphetamines pKa
1. Phenylpropanolamine        9.4
2. Ephedrine 9.6
3.Amphetamine 9.9
4. Methamphetamine 10.1
5. Phenteramine 10.1

24. Problems; Bell page 128
5. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) has a of 3.5. The pH of the stomach is approximately 1, while the pH of the intestines is approximately 6. Calculate the fraction of aspirin that is ionized in each area (show your work), and
use the results to predict where the drug is preferentially absorbed.
6. Repeat the calculation in Question 5 for caffeine, a weak base with a of 0.6.
7. Diazepam tablets are supplied in 2-, 5-, and 10-mg increments. Suppose several tablets are received in a laboratory as evidence and, using the Physician’s Desk
Reference, an analyst was able to tentatively identify them as Valium®, 10 mg. Suppose further that you learn that the tablets also contain anhydrous lactose,
starches, dyes, and calcium stearate. Describe a method for isolating the active ingredient from fillers, using a LLE scheme. Justify and explain each step of
the method.
8. Quinine is a dibasic molecule with of 5.1 and 9.7. It is encountered as a diluent (cutting agent) for heroin. To extract quinine from an aqueous solution, what pH should be used and why?
9. Devise a solvent extraction method that could be used to separate a mixture of powdered sugar, cornstarch, cocaine, and amphetamine. Justify each step and separation.