1. A Pavement Damage Based System For Charging HGVs For Their Use Of Road Infrastructure Nii Amoo Dodoo and Neil Thorpe School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Transport Operations Research Group (TORG) University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Highways: cost and Regulation in Europe 26 – 27 November 2004, Bergamo Italy.

2. Outline of Presentation Introduction and Background Factors Affecting Pavement Damage Overview of Charging System Development of System Results of Initial Trials Conclusions and Next Steps

3. Background EU transport policy  Closer relation between charges and costs HGV Charging Systems  Various methods and systems but….

4. Factors Affecting Pavement Damage Speed, distance GVW Pavement type, thickness, roughness Axle forces Axle and tyre properties Vehicle Characteristics Pavement Characteristics Environmental Conditions

5. HGV Charging Systems CountryDynamic Axle Weight Number of Axles Type of Axle Tyre Properties Pavement Properties Distance Travelled New Zealand X  XXX  Eurovignette X  XXXX HELP (US) ()()  XXX  Switzerland X  XXX  Austria X  XXX  Germany X  XXX 

6. Overview of the System Dynamic Axle Forces GPS Satellites On-Board Unit Cellular Tower Back-Office System Pavement Database Damage Tariff Tables Bill Vehicle position, Dynamic axle forces, distance,speed, date&time Digital Road Map

7. On-Board System Components On-board Unit Axle Weighing Unit

8. Initial Field Trials Description of Field Trials Data processing procedure  Uploading of recorded data  Map-matching vehicle positions  Pavement properties of road links  Estimation of pavement damage

9. Map-Matching Vehicle Positions

10. Results from Map-Matching Link ID Road Number Road NameRoad Class Chainage on Link Distance Travelled 74239-N’BRIAN ROAD Minor321.7116.5 74565B1326N’BRIAN ROAD B118.1138.9 73179A19- A63.2151.2 73179A19- A275.0187.5 71861A19- A519.0282.2 94259A19- A32.2124.8 94432A1058COAST ROAD A175.6145.1 94387A1058COAST ROAD A7.4191.1

11. Pavement Properties of Map-Matched Road Links Link ID Road Number Chainage on Link Pavement Type Roughness Category Pavement Thickness 74239-321.7 FLEX2THIN 74565B1326118.1 RIGID2THIN 73179A1963.2 FLEX1THICK 73179A19275.0 FLEX1THICK 71861A19519.0 FLEX2THICK 94259A1932.2 RIGID3THIN 94432A1058175.6 RIGID2THIN 94387A10587.4 RIGID3THICK

12. Sample of Axle Load Data

13. Results of Initial Trials Link ID Axle Wt. (t) Av. Veh. Sp (km/h) Pav. Type Pav. Thickness Pav. Rough Damage Tariff (per m) Distance Travelled (m) Relative Damage Caused 742394.8941.9FLEXTHIN20.20116.523.3 745654.8950.0RIGIDTHIN20.24138.933.3 731794.8954.4FLEXTHICK10.18151.227.2 731794.8967.5FLEXTHICK10.18187.533.8 718616.5293.3FLEXTHICK20.10282.228.2 942596.5244.9RIGIDTHIN30.15124.818.7 944326.5252.2RIGIDTHIN20.12145.117.4 943876.5268.8RIGIDTHICK30.14191.126.8 Total Estimate of Relative Damage208.7

14. Potential Benefits of the System Improved system for cost recovery Knowledge on the occurrence of pavement damage Improved loading practices A more pavement-friendly HGV fleet

15. Conclusions and Next Steps Data requirements  Pavement database, data compatibility Recruitment and equipping of additional HGVs for road trials Evaluation of system and recommendations for future development