1. Midterm Exam Review
English 10
Mrs. Green

2. Text Structure
Chronological order – organized in TIME order, when things happen
Key words – Dates, times
Jack and Jill ran up the hill to fetch a pail of water. Jack fell down and broke his crown and Jill came tumbling after.

3. Text Structure
Compare/Contrast – two or more things are described, listing ways that things are the same and how they are different
Key words – both, same, different, on the other hand, meanwhile
Linux and Windows are both operating systems. Computers use them to run programs. Linux is totally free and open source, so users can improve or otherwise modify the source code. Windows is proprietary, so it costs money to use and users are prohibited from altering the source code.

4. Text Structure
Cause/Effect – The reason something happens and the result, the result of something is explained
Key words – Cause – reason, effect- result, consequently, so, as a result
The dodo bird used to roam in large flocks across America. Interestingly, the dodo wasn’t startled by gun shot. Because of this, frontiersmen would kill entire flocks in one sitting. Unable to sustain these attacks, the dodo was hunted to extinction.

5. Text Structure
Problem and Solution - a problem is described and a response or solution is proposed or explained.
Key words – Problem- difficult, struggle, uncertainty, worry, threat, trouble Solution – possibility, hope bright spot, answer, and future
Thousands of people die each year in car accidents involving drugs or alcohol. Lives could be saved if our town adopts a free public taxi service. By providing such a service, we could prevent intoxicated drivers from endangering themselves or others.

6. Text Structure
Sequence - information is organized in steps or a process is explained in the order in which it occurs
Key words – first, then, next
Eating cereal is easy. First, get out your materials. Next, pour your cereal in the bowl, add milk, and enjoy.

7. Author’s Purpose
To Inform - give facts or true information about a subject, inform you on a topic
Often called expository writing.
Examples:
• Biography of Barack Obama
• News report about a shooting
• Note to a friend
• Essay about “killer bees”

8. Author’s Purpose Persuade - writing attempts to influence the reader.
Usually makes an argument.
Examples:
• Political speeches
• Advertisements
• A cover letter for your resume
• An essay urging readers to recycle

9. Author’s Purpose Entertain- telling a narrative (or stories)
Have a beginning, middle, and end
Examples of Writing to Entertain
• Harry Potter books
• Poems about love
• Narrative essay about the big game
• Script for a TV show

10. Prediction
Making an educated guess about what may happen next in a text/passage
Read the following story and look at the prediction below.
Ben always had trouble getting up in the morning. His mother usually had to call him at least twice. He'd already been late for school three times this month. Mom had already called him once and now headed up to his room and knocked on the door. When he didn't respond she walked in and found him fast asleep!
Prediction - Ben will be late for school.
Clues - He had trouble waking up. He'd been late for school 3 times.
Personal Experience - If you don't wake up in time, you'll be late for school.

11. Characterization
Characterization is the process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character.
Direct Characterization tells the audience what the personality of the character is.
Example: “The patient boy and quiet girl were both well mannered and did not disobey their mother.” Explanation: The author is directly telling the audience the personality of these two children. The boy is “patient” and the girl is “quiet.”

12. Characterization
Characterization is the process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character.
Indirect characterization shows things that reveal he personality of a character. There are five different methods of indirect characterization:
Speech What does the character say? How does the character speak?
Thoughts What is revealed through the character’s private thoughts and feelings?
Effect on others toward the character. What is revealed through the character’s effect on other people? How do other characters feel or behave in reaction to the character?
Actions What does the character do? How does the character behave?
Looks What does the character look like? How does the character dress?

13. Characterization Indirect Example
EXAMPLE: The girl strolled undetected toward the sandy expanse of the beach while her brother sprinted towards the water’s edge kicking up sand onto nearby sunbathers and startling people all around with the tunes blaring from his handheld radio.
EXPLANATION: Although the author does not tell us that the girl is quiet and her brother is rambunctious, we can infer this through their actions.

14. Characterization Practice
Identify which passage is direct and which is indirect.
A. Ed Johnson scratched his head in confusion as the sales rep explained Dralco’s newest engine performance diagnostic computer. The old mechanic hated modern electronics, preferring the old days when all he needed was a stack of manuals and a good set of tools. B. “That Ed Johnson,” said Anderson, watching the old mechanic scratch his head in confusion as the sales rep explained Dralco’s newest engine performance diagnostic computer. “He hasn’t got a clue about modern electronics. Give him a good set of tools and a stack of yellowing manuals with a carburetor needing repair, and he’d be happy as a hungry frog in a fly-field.”

15. Characterization Practice
Identify which passage is direct and which is indirect.
A. Julie held up six different outfits in front of the mirror and pondered which would go best with her navy blue shoes, pastel eye shadow and the diamond earrings she’d already procured from her overflowing vanity. After ninety minutes of mixing and matching, and cell-phoning her sister three times for advice, Julie finally made up her mind. She’d give the navy blue skirt and white sweater a try, hoping Trent would love it
B. Julie owned a multitude of outfits and accessories, and it always took her forever to decide which combination might impress Trent. As usual, she called her sister several times for advice. After doing so, Julie decided to give the navy blue skirt with the white sweater a try.

16. Point of View Narrator – the person (character) telling the story
First Person
Third Person limited
Third Person Omniscient

17. Point of View
First Person - The narrator tells “I” or “my” story. Also, this may be “we” or “our” story.
Ex: We went to the store.

18. Point of View
Third Person Limited - The narrator tells “his” or “her” story and reveals one character’s thoughts or feelings. Ex: Sad that his girlfriend had left him, Ben wasn’t paying attention as he walked down the street. A man drove by and yelled, “Hey, watch where you’re going!”

19. Point of View
Third Person Omniscient – All-Knowing The narrator tells “his” or “her” story and reveals more than one character’s thoughts or feelings. Ex: Sad that his girlfriend had left him, Ben wasn’t paying attention as he walked down the street. Tom was also having a bad day, and as he was driving by Ben, Tom tried to startle him: “Hey, watch where you’re going!” Tom yelled intimidatingly.

20. Research Thesis Statement
A thesis sums up what the paper will tell the reader. It is not the topic. The topic is the subject of the paper, the thesis tells the reader something about the topic. The thesis should be at least one complete sentence, it must be logical, and the writer must make a claim that he or she can prove with the content of the paper.

21. Research – Thesis Samples
Topic: The Battle of Gettysburg
Thesis: The Battle of Gettysburg changed the momentum of the Civil War.
Topic: Mike Piazza
Thesis: With his leadership skills, offensive output, and work ethic, Mike Piazza excels as the best Major League catcher in the history of baseball.
Topic: Basketball
Thesis: Winning basketball games requires a solid team of skilled athletes, not just one superstar.

22. Research
Source – people or published material that provide information on the report’s topic
Books
Magazines
News cast
Website

23. Research
Citation
“Main Entry: cite 2 : to quote by way of example, authority, or proof 3 a : to refer to; especially : to mention formally in commendation or praise b : to name in a citation 4 : to bring forward or call to another's attention especially as an example, proof, or precedent” (“cite”)
To cite a source in a paper means that the writer has referred to a specific book, magazine, web site, or other source of information and is using information taken from that source in the paper (“cite”). The writer then directs the reader’s attention to a page at the end called a Works Cited page so that the reader knows where he or she can find that source.

24. Research
Works Cited Example

25. Research
Plagiarism is…
cheating or deception. If you attempt to use another person's work as if it were your own, without adequate acknowledgement of the original source; and if this is done in work that you submit for a grade then you are attempting to deceive your teacher, your parents, or anyone reading the paper. In other words, plagiarism is cheating and it is deceitful in that you are trying to claim the credit for something that is not your work.

26. Give credit for copied, adapted, or paraphrased material.
Research
Use your own words and ideas.
Give credit for copied, adapted, or paraphrased material.
Avoid using others' work with minor "cosmetic" changes.
There are no "freebies."
Beware of "common knowledge."

27. Reliability concerns the trustworthiness and believability of a source
Research
Credibility merely means that an author of a web site has credentials that prove he or she is knowledgeable in a field. After all, you don’t want information about your health provided by an electrician in Ohio who enjoys reading health guides during his lunch breaks!
Reliability concerns the trustworthiness and believability of a source

28. Affixes There are two kinds of word parts: affixes and roots.
An affix is a word part that can be attached to either a root or a base word to create a new word.
A root is a main or base word part that gives the word most of its meaning. They usually come from another language, such as Greek or Latin.

29. Affixes
Affixes can be divided into two categories: prefixes (appear at the beginning of words) and suffixes (appear at the end of words).
Common Prefixes
Common Suffixes
Bi two
-al adjectival suffix
Anti against
-fy verb suffix
Inter between
-ic adjectival suffix
Pre before
-ion noun suffix
Super above
-ism noun suffix
Trans across
-ize verb suffix
Dis not
-ous adjectival suffix

30. Affixes Roots Affixes Latin Root: tang, meaning “touch”
Prefix: in-, meaning “not”
Greek Root: chrome, meaning “color”
Suffix: -ible, meaing “able to”

31. Sentences Complete Sentences Sentence Fragments
1 – capital letter
2 – end punctuation
3 – subject
4 – verb
5 – complete thought
Sentence Fragments
Incomplete sentence, missing a sentence part

32. Sentences Comma – used to add separation or pause
Multiple word description (fluffy, white cat)
List (I like music, reading, and swimming.)
Compound sentences and introductory phrases
I would like to go out with you, but I already have a boyfriend.
As a result, you’re going to have to find another date.
Colon – punctuation that introduces a list in a sentence
There are many things I’d like to try: skydiving, bungee jumping, and white water rafting.

33. Part of Speech Noun – person, place, thing
Verb – action of the sentence
Adjective – describes a noun
Adverb – modifies (describes) a verb

34. Allusion
Reference to a well known person, place, event, art, or literature
Their relationship was like the Titanic!
The Hatfields and McCoys act like Romeo and Juliet’s families!

35. Hyperbole An exaggeration
Yeah, I already beat that game 80,000 years ago
Nobody listens to that song anymore.
These shoes are killing me.

36. Idiom Common phrase with multiple meanings
Bob’s new corner office was just the icing on the cake.
After eating candy, Billy ran around like a chick with his head cut off.
That new car coast an arm and a leg.

37. Metaphor
Comparison of two unlike things by stating that one is the other
The cast on Michael’s broken leg was a plaster shackle.
She as just a trophy to Ricardo, another object to possess.
Her eyes were fireflies.
Waves of spam s inundated his inbox.

38. Personification Describing an object as if it were a person
Thunder grumbled and raindrops reported for duty.
The moon turned over to face the day.
The traffic noises argued long into the night and finally Cal went to sleep.
The angry storm pounded the tin shelter.

39. Simile Comparing two unlike things using ‘like’ or ‘as’
My mother’s kitchen was like a holy place. You couldn’t wear your shoes, you had to sit there at a certain time, and occasionally we’d pray.
The bottle rolled off the table like a teardrop.
The handshake felt like warm laundry.
She hung her head like a dying flower.
Arguing with her was like dueling with hand grenades.

40. The Rest of the review…
Finish the exercises to get more familiar with skills needed for the test
DO NOT FORGET TO STUDY!
Exam has 2 parts – mine and benchmark
Be prepared, bring a pencil.