1. Chapter 7 Pages 130-175

2.  Both you and your partner should each have 13 note cards.  Pick a side (right or left)—these will be the terms that you write on your cards.  When both of you have finished recording the terms, try your best to match them up (they’re not in the correct order)!  You will be quizzed on these terms in class next time!

3. 1. ax- 2. -blast 3. carp- 4. -clast 5. condyl- 6. corac- 7. cribr- 8. crist- 9. fov- 10. glen- 11. meat- 12. odont- 13. poie- 1. Axis 2. Break 3. Bud 4. Crest 5. Crow’s beak 6. Joint socket 7. Knob 8. Make/produce 9. Passage 10. Pit 11. Sieve 12. Tooth 13. Wrist

4.  Also, don’t forget to write the correct corresponding term on the other side of your note card to study from!

5. 1. ax- = axis 2. -blast = bud 3. carp- = wrist 4. -clast = break 5. condyl- = knob 6. corac- = a crow's beak 7. cribr- = sieve 8. crist- = crest 9. fov- = pit 10. glen- = joint socket 11. meat- = passage 12. odont- = tooth 13. poie- = make/produce

6.  There are 206 bones in the body grouped into two divisions: 1. Axial  relating to the head, neck, and trunk—protect, support, or carry other body parts E.g. head, hyoid, ribs, sternum, & vertebrae 2. Appendicular  bones of upper & lower limbs plus girdles that connect them— help us get from place to place and to manipulate our environment

8. 1. Long bones- longer than wide, has shaft + 2 ends, includes all bones of limbs (- patella, wrist, ankle) e.g. thigh, leg, arm, forearm, fingers & toes 2. Short bones- almost cube shaped Most wrist & ankle bones, sesamoid bones 3. Flat bones- thin & extensive surface e.g. Cranial bones, sternum, ribs & scapulae 4. Irregular bones- don’t fit above e.g. vertebrae, some facial bones, hip bone

9. 1. Support 2. Protection 3. Movement 4. Mineral homeostasis Esp. Calcium and Phosphate 5. Blood cell production Hematopoiesis in red bone marrow 6. Triglyceride Storage In yellow bone marrow

10.  Compact bone  dense outer layer—looks smooth and solid  Spongy bone  internal layer—honeycomb of small, needle-like pieces = trabeculae Open spaces filled with red/yellow marrow

11. Parts of a long bone:  Diaphysis  shaft; the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone Medullary cavity  hollow space within diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow  Epiphysis  the distal and proximal ends of the bone Articular (hyaline) cartilage  covers joint surface to cushion and absorb stress  Metaphysis Mature bone = where diaphysis joines epiphysis Growing bone = contains epiphyseal plate to allow diaphysis to grow

12.  Membranes: Periosteum  dense irregular tissue that surrounds bone surface where not covered by articular cartilage Endosteum  thin membrane lining medullary cavity that contains bone-forming cells

15.  Come up and pick out your own to label!  Using a pen, please label the following:  Diaphysis  Metaphysis x2  Epiphysis x2  Type of bone  Outside texture of bone  On the back of the bone, record the 6 functions of bones!

16.  Thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside, endosteum-covered spongy bone within  Not cylindrical = no epiphyses  Bone marrow (between trabeculae), but no marrow cavity.  Flat bones have diploë = internal layer of spongy bone

17.  Newborns  medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone contain red bone marrow  Adults  medullary cavity extends into epiphysis, and little red marrow present in spongy bone of long bones Blood cells produced in head of femur and humerus (long), sternum (flat), hip (irregular) Yellow can revert to red if needed

18.  Osteon  structural unit of compact bone=group of hollow tubes (lamellae) of bone matrix  Haversian canal  runs through the center of the osteon; contains blood vessels and nerve fibers to support cells  Volkmann’s canals  connect blood and nerve supplies

19.  Matrix=  25% water, 25% collagen fibers (flexibility and strength), 50% crystallized mineral salts (hardness/resist compression)  Osteogenic cells in periosteum Osteoblasts secrete collagen fibers-  Build matrix and become trapped in lacunae  Become osteocytes- maintain bone  Osteoclasts (“bone breakers”)  Digest bone matrix for normal bone turnover

20.  Lacunae- “lakes”; contain osteocytes  Canaliculi- little canals that allow nutrient flow from canals and between osteocytes

22.  Units containing trabeculae to resist stress— only a few cell layers thick  Spaces between trabeculae often contain Red Marrow  No osteons but include lacunae & canaliculae

23. Pg. 179 Fig. 6.5

26.  Ossification  1. Formation of Bony Skeleton  2. Intramembranous Ossification  3. Endochondral Ossification  4. Postnatal Bone Growth  5. Growth in length and width

27.  Osteogenesis and Ossification indicate the process of bone tissue formation  In embryos this leads to formation of the bony skeleton  Bone growth goes on until early adulthood  Ossification in adults is mainly for remodeling and repair of bones

28.  Mesenchyme model - replaced with bone 1. Intramembranous - Bone forms directly in mesenchyme layers (membrane like) -membrane bone 2. Endochondral - forms within hyaline cartilage developed from mesenchyme- cartilage or endochondral, bone

29.  Development of ossification center-  Cells differentiate=> osteogenic=> osteoblasts  Osteoblasts secrete organic matrix  Calcification- cells become osteocytes  In lacunae they extend cytoplasmic processes to each other  Deposit calcium & other mineral salts  Formation of trabeculae- spongy bone  Blood vessels grow in and marrow is formed  Mesenchyme=> periosteum  Bone Collar of compact bone forms and red marrow appears

30.  Uses hyaline cartilage “bones”  Cartilage must break down as process proceeds  Primary Ossification Center  Center of hyaline cartilage shaft  Blood vessels fill perichondrium  The mesenchymal cells specialize into osteoblasts

32.  Bone Collar forms around diaphysis of hyaline cartilage  Cartilage in center of diaphysis calcifies and forms cavities  Periosteal bud invades internal cavities spongy bone forms  Diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms  The epiphyses ossify

33. Fig. 7.5 pg. 134

34.  Length- chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate divide and increase cartilage layer – z one 1 - Growth  On diaphyseal side they die and are replaced by bone - zone 2 – transformation  Eroded by osteoclasts, then quickly covered with bone matrix, forming spongy bone – zone 3 – osteogenic  Stops during adolescence  Periosteum supports surface growth for thickness – bones widen as they lengthen

35.  A symphony of hormones regulate bone growth during youth  Infancy and childhood – growth hormone – released by pituitary gland this is regulated by Thyroid hormones (T 3 and T 4 )  Puberty – testosterone and estrogen promote adolescent growth spurt  Excess or deficits of hormones result in abnormalities – gigantism or dwarfism

36.  5 to 7% of bone mass recycled weekly  ½ gram of calcium may enter or leave the skeleton each day  Spongy bone replaced every 3 to 4yrs.  Compact bone every 10 years

37.  Bone deposit & bone resorption (removal) occur at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces.  Coordinated by “packets” of osteoblasts called remodeling units  Occurs where bone is injured or added strength is needed  Optimal bone deposit = diet of protein, adequate minerals (Ca, Mg, P), and Vitamins A, C, D

38.  Done by osteoclasts= large multinucleate cells  Osteoclasts move along bone digging pits, resorption bays, breaking down bone matrix  The ruffled border secretes lysosomal enzymes and acids  These break down the organic matrix and calcium salts into a solution that can be transported into the interstitial fluid then the blood

39.  1. Nondisplaced or displaced  2. Complete (bone in two or more pieces) or Incomplete (partial break (crack))  3. Orientation of break – linear or transverse  4. Closed (simple)- not through skin or Open (compound)- broken ends break skin

40.  Greenstick  incomplete break (children— more matrix = more flexibility)  Fissured  incomplete longitudinal break  Comminuted  bone fragments into 3 or more pieces (elderly—brittle bones)  Transverse  complete, with break at right angle to axis of bone

41.  Oblique  occurs at an angle other than a right angle  Compression  bone crushed (porous bones— extreme trauma)  Spiral  ragged break from twisting forces (sports fracture)  Epiphyseal  separates along epiphyseal plate  Depressed  broken bone pressed inward (skull fracture)

42.  Involves 4 major phases  1. Hematoma formation  mass of clotted blood forms at the fracture point  2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation  for debris cleanup, bone reconstruction, bone splint  3. Bony callus formation  3-4 weeks after injury to 2-3 months later  4. Bone Remodeling  excess material removed, compact bone reconstructed

43.  Imbalances between bone formation and bone resorption underlie nearly all diseases that influence the adult skeleton  1. Osteomalacia – inadequately mineralized bones  2. Rickets – analogous disease, but in children, very severe

44.  3. Osteoporosis – refers to a group of disorders in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit  Occurs most often in aged, most often in postmenopausal women  Traditionally treated with calcium and vitamin D supplements

45. Pg. 190 – fig. 6.14 – similar photo

46.  4. Paget’s Disease – excessive bone formation and breakdown  Often discovered by accident when X rays taken for another reason  “Spotty” weakening of bone  Can affect any part of the skeleton  Spine, pelvis, femur & skull most commonly affected

47.  Bone strengthened in response to use  Reabsorbed during disuse  e.g. Bone loss during bed rest, fractures in cast, astronauts with no gravity

48. Pg. 179 Fig. 6.5 Osteon (with osteocyte inside)

49. Compact bone Periosteum Red marrow (spaces) Blood vessels Skeletal Muscle Spongy bone