Competências Básicas de Investigação Científica e de Publicação

Competências Básicas de Investigação Científica e de Publicação
Lecture 3: Reading and writing skills August 2014

The scientific research process [Greatly simplified!]
More experiments Experiments Problem definition Seminar Conference proceedings Writing-up Publication Grant proposal Antes de realizar qualquer experimento, o pesquisador deve satisfazer o seu orientador ou a sua agência de financiamento que o trabalho proposto será de valor. Durante a fase de pesquisa, espera-se que o pesquisador apresentar os seus resultados preliminares em seminários departamentais ou em conferências E então, no final do processo, os resultados devem ser escritos como um documento estruturado para submissão a um periódico científico. Cada uma destas fases requer a leitura e a escrita ____________________________________________________________ The types of question you are likely to want to answer will change throughout the course of the research project. At the beginning of the project you will want to ensure that no-one else is working on the exact same problem. You will need to identify all of the groups working in the area and establish a ‘patch’ which you want to contribute to. In non-competitive areas you may be able to do this by communicating directly with some of the main groups in the field, but in areas where there is intense competition you are just going to have to be cleverer and quicker than the rest. Students often try to avoid areas where there is likely to be competition. This is usually a mistake. There is often a good reason why no-one is working in an particular area. The reasons could be that the technology is not sufficiently advance to answer these questions or that the answers are not particularly interesting. If you are convinced that a neglected area is worth investigating try to discuss your choice first with an experienced leader in the field – they may know if someone else has tried and failed, or be able to offer useful advice – and design a short experiment to test your key assumptions before making a big investment in time and effort. During the course of the project, your questions will change. As results begin to come in, you may want to know more about the methods you are using, or the interpretations that you are making of your results. One of the main reasons why research fails to get published is that the author overlooks alterative explanations for the results they are getting – so always try to be as critical of your own findings as you are of others. This is why it is always a good idea to present your results regularly to a friendly audience. In this way also you will be preparing your results for publication making it easier for yourself at the end of the project. Finally, when you come to writing up the results of your research for publication you will probably spend more time looking for support for your conclusions. Remember, your reference list should be up-to-date with a median age of around one year. Key: Experiments Reading and writing Verbal communication 24 August 2012 Ganesha Associates

The importance of reading and writing
Good science begins and ends in the literature Good experimental design requires an awareness of the latest research trends and findings in your area together with a clear definition of the problem you are trying to solve Acceptance of your work for publication requires clear logical presentation of your results together with a clear explanation of how they advance our understanding Analysis of the literature is a constant component of a good researcher’s daily routine Então a boa ciência começa e termina na literatura Um bom projeto experimental requer um conhecimento das últimas tendências de pesquisa e descobertas em sua área, juntamente com uma definição clara do problema que você está tentando resolver Aceitação de seu trabalho para publicação exige apresentação lógica clara de seus resultados, juntamente com uma explicação clara de como os avançar nossa compreensão A análise da literatura é um componente constante da rotina diária de um bom pesquisador _______________________________________________________________ So, so far we have learnt that good research needs to be firmly based on the current literature. Performing a literature search, writing a literature review is not just about providing a context in which to place your research, it forms the basis for the logical structure from which your central hypothesis, your research question is derived. Without this foundation you will have no formal basis from which to discuss your results – other than as an unrelated set of observations. Nor will it be apparent to a journal editor why he/she should publish your article because your findings cannot be presented in a way that builds on previous work. So don’t rush to the lab thinking that the main purpose of research is to generate data, and that some how miracles will occur when you analyse the results. Spend time more time in the library reading so that your question is clear, relevant and the answer of value to the global community of scientists because research that is not published is not science. And you do not necessarily need to perform new experiments to do useful science. See, for example, “A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid”, by J. D. Watson and F. H. C. Crick (Nature 1953, vol 171, pp ). Então, até agora nós aprendemos que uma boa pesquisa deve ser firmemente baseado na literatura atual. Realizando uma busca na literatura, escrevendo uma revisão da literatura não é apenas sobre o fornecimento de um contexto no qual pretende colocar a sua investigação, que constitui a base para a estrutura lógica de que sua hipótese central, a pergunta de pesquisa é derivado. Sem essa base você não terá nenhuma base formal para discutir os seus resultados - a não ser como um conjunto independente de observações. Também não será aparente para um editor de jornal por que ele / ela deve publicar seu artigo, porque seus resultados não podem ser apresentados de uma forma que se baseia no trabalho anterior. Então não se apresse para o pensamento de laboratório que o principal objetivo da pesquisa é gerar dados, e que de alguma forma os milagres irão ocorrer quando você analisar os resultados. Passe algum tempo mais tempo na leitura da biblioteca para que sua pergunta é clara, relevante e que a resposta de valor para a comunidade global de cientistas, porque a investigação que não foi publicado não é ciência. E você não precisa necessariamente realizar novos experimentos para fazer ciência útil. Veja, por exemplo , “A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid”, by J. D. Watson and F. H. C. Crick (Nature 1953, vol 171, pp ). 5 July 2012 Ganesha Associates

The importance of regular reading
Mas a má notícia é que o volume da literatura científica está aumentando a cada dia. Aqui estão algumas estatísticas que mostram que o número médio de artigos lidos a cada ano por cientistas individuais. From Carol Tenopir: UK Scholarly Reading and the Value of Library Resources: Summary Results of the Study Conducted Spring 2011

A strategy for reading Search Scopus, WoS, PubMed, etc regularly for new articles, or look at articles citing landmark papers The worst way is to read from title to references, digesting every word along the way without any reflection or criticism, so… Read often Skim the articles and identify their structure. Distinguish the main points, starting with the results. Generate questions and be aware of where your understanding begins and ends Draw inferences – where are the gaps? Take notes as you read. Uma estratégia para ler Pesquisa Scopus, WoS, PubMed, etc regularmente para novos artigos, ou olhar para artigos citando documentos marcantes. Pior caminho é ler de título para a literatura citada, lendo cada palavra ao longo do caminho, sem qualquer reflexão ou crítica. Por isso, em vez ... Rever rapidamente o artigo e identificar sua estrutura. Distinguir os principais pontos, começando com os resultados. Gerar perguntas e estar ciente de onde sua compreensão começa e termina Inferências - onde estão as falhas? Faça anotações enquanto lê. Source:

Assim, aprender a tomar notas de forma estruturada, para que a próxima vez que você se referem a eles, é óbvio que você pensou e escreveu. __________________________________________________________________________________ So learn to take notes in a structured way so that when you next refer to them it is obvious what you thought and wrote.

Ganesha Associates CC BY 3.0
Assim, a estrutura de um artigo de revisão é algo semelhante ao de um iceberg invertido. Por cima é o raciocínio lógico que faz esta revista plausível. Embaixo, há a conclusão principal. 9 September 2013 Ganesha Associates CC BY 3.0

Finding a place to start
Understanding the background Review journals Trends in…, Current Opinions in…, Annual Reviews in…, Nature Reviews in… Use ‘cited by’ functionality in Scopus and WoS Use ‘related article’ functionality in PubMed Finding the frontier Scientific weeklies, Nature, Science Top international journals in your field Conference reports Talk to a leader in the field Como encontrar um lugar para começar Para compreender a fundo, a base Consulte jornais de revisão, como Trends in..., Current Opinions in ..., Annual Reviews in ..., Nature Reviews in ... Use 'citado por' funcionalidade no WoS e Scopus Use funcionalidade 'artigo relacionado’ em PubMed Para encontrar a fronteira, ler Nature, Science Os periódicos internacionais principais em seu campo Relatórios de conferências recentes Converse com um líder no campo _____________________________________________________________________ You supervisor may give you a project, or you may have to come up with an idea yourself. Either way, you need to find out how your research problem relates to work going on in other labs. 24 August 2012 Ganesha Associates

Nature News and Views format
Existem muitos tipos de artigos de revisão. Alguns são muito curtos, como o News and Views artigos publicado pelo jornal Nature. Estes são, no máximo, duas páginas e destacar os avanços atribuíveis a um único artigo recente

Current Opinion review style
"Current Opinion in ...", "Trends in ...", “Annual Reviews in ..." e "Nature Reviews in ..." são todas as revistas especializadas em publicação dos artigos de revisão só

Systematic reviews As revisões sistemáticas ir um passo além e tentar dar uma conclusão integrado com base nos resultados de muitos trabalhos publicados sobre um determinado tema, como a eficácia de um tratamento médico particular. Uma boa fonte deste tipo de artigo é a biblioteca Cochrane

Search for reviews as a specific document type
Ou você pode simplesmente pesquisar para artigos de revisão, por selecionando essa opção no Scopus, ou outras bases de dados.

Beware of choosing a topic because “little is known about it”
This means either the area is of little interest, or you haven’t done your literature search effectively Use a comparative or inductive approach and look for examples in similar systems - this technique is particularly useful in any field with a molecular component But it also works for the caatinga! Então, para mim, a frase "Pouco se sabe sobre ... “ significa ou a área é de pouco interesse, ou você não tiver feito sua pesquisa de literatura de forma eficaz. Alternativamente, usar uma abordagem comparativa ou indutiva e procurar exemplos de sistemas semelhantes - esta técnica é particularmente útil em qualquer campo. Por exemplo, pode haver pouco conhecido sobre a técnica de “breath stacking” usado para ajudar os doentes com fibrose cística, mas podem existir diversos artigos sobre a mesma técnica, sendo utilizados na esclerose múltipla _______________________________________________________________________________________ If little is known about a topic, then it is going to be difficult to develop a robust hypothesis with which to test your ideas. For example, if you’re a clinician you may observe a example of a particular illness that demonstrates some new feature that has not been described in the literature before. Such a report is called a Case Study. However, if you submit this observation to a journal for publication, the editor will want you to prove that you are not mistaken, that there could be no other explanation for your findings. We will come back to this area later in the course. So, to me, ‘Little is known about…’ means either that the area is of little interest, or you haven’t done your literature search effectively. Alternatively, ask an expert or use a comparative or inductive approach and look for examples in similar systems - this technique is particularly useful in any field with a molecular component. 24 August 2012 Ganesha Associates

Styles of communication
Conversation Meeting minutes Chemical patent Legal document, e.g. a contract, a will Car owner manual Yellow pages Computer software Newspaper article Which styles are similar to those of a scientific journal article ? Inglês científico e português científico são versões especiais de seus idiomas respectivos. Eles exigem um vocabulário menor, e tem uma estrutura de sintática e semântica bem simples. Como você acha que essas outras formas de comunicação comparar? As atas? Um vontade, testamento? 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Scientific writing is linear
Scientific writing must be unambiguous and logical Since logic tends to be linear, learn to express yourself that way Redação científica é linear. Redação científica deve ser inequívoca e lógica Como a lógica tende a ser linear, aprender a expressar-se dessa forma

Scientific writing has structure
Title Document Summary Sections Introduction Paragraphs Todos os artigos científicos têm uma estrutura bem definida. Isto é verdade se olharmos para as diferentes seções que o documento é dividido em, por exemplo: título, resumo, introdução, métodos, e discussão, ou a estrutura da linguagem científica subjacente: a seção, parágrafo, sentença, frase . Nesta palestra, vamos olhar para o segundo tipo de estrutura mais geral. Discussion Sentences Conclusions Phrases

Phrases are the basic building blocks
[Noun phrase][Verb phrase][Noun phrase] Breathing exercises improve functional exercise capacity in people with COPD . There are no consistent effects on dyspnoea or health-related quality of life. Outcomes were similar across all the breathing exercises examined. Treatment effects for patient-reported outcomes may have been overestimated owing to lack of blinding. Breathing exercises may be useful to improve exercise tolerance in selected individuals with COPD. However, these data do not suggest a widespread role for breathing exercises in the comprehensive management of people with COPD. Frases são os blocos básicos de construção de escrita científica O tipo mais simples, sintagmas nominais ou seja frases substantivo/verbo/substantivo têm apenas três componentes As frases mais simples são desta forma

Phrase order and stress
Readers expect context first, with the take-home message in the stress position at the end of the sentence. For example: Treatment effects for un-blinded patient-reported outcomes may have been overestimated Lack of blinding may have led to an overestimate in the treatment outcomes reported by patients. Patients report better treatment outcomes due to lack of blinding Often writers will chain sentences using the item stressed in the preceding sentence as the context for the next. Os leitores esperam contexto primeiro, com a mensagem para levar na posição de tensão no final da frase. C Aqui cada frase descreve a mesma informação, mas o significado é um pouco diferente Muitas vezes, os escritores vão unir sentenças na forma de cadeia usando a mensagem da frase anterior como contexto para a próxima. Isto proporciona um caminho lógico muito sólida para o leitor a seguir.

Example of chaining sentences
Nociceptor sensory neurons are specialized to detect potentially damaging stimuli These stimuli initiate the sensation of pain. However, bacterial infections produce pain by unknown molecular mechanisms. These mechanisms are presumed to be secondary to immune activation. Here we demonstrate that bacteria directly activate nociceptors. So the immune response mediated through TLR2, MyD88, T cells, B cells., neutrophils and monocytes is not necessary for bacteria-induced pain in mice. Instead, mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in mice is correlated with live bacteria load rather than tissue swelling or immune activation. Vamos aplicar essas regras para um texto real e ver se eles funcionam! As primeiras frases seguir as regras, mas depois as coisas se tornam um pouco mais complexa. No entanto, a estrutura global parece funcionar como esperado.

Structure tips – sentence order
The smallest of the URF's* (URFA6L), a 207-nucleotide (nt) reading frame overlapping out of phase the NH2-terminal portion of the adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) subunit 6 gene has been identified as the animal equivalent of the recently discovered yeast H+-ATPase subunit 8 gene. The functional significance of the other URF's has been, on the contrary, elusive. Recently, however, immunoprecipitation experiments with antibodies to purified, rotenone-sensitive NADH-ubiquinone oxido-reductase [hereafter referred to as respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase or complex I] from bovine heart, as well as enzyme fractionation studies, have indicated that six human URF's (that is, URF1, URF2, URF3, URF4, URF4L, and URF5, hereafter referred to as ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4, ND4L, and ND5) encode subunits of complex I. This is a large complex that also contains many subunits synthesized in the cytoplasm. * URF = uncharacterized open reading frame Vejamos um outro pedaço de texto. Esta consistia inicialmente de quatro frases - dois dos quais são bastante longo. Vamos ver o que acontece se quebrar essas frases e reorganizá-los usando as regras. 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Structure tips – sentence order (edit)
The smallest of the URF's, URFA6L, has been identified as the animal functional equivalent of the recently discovered yeast H+-ATPase subunit 8 gene. However, the functional significance of other URF's has been more elusive. Recently, several human URF's have been shown to encode subunits of rotenone-sensitive NADH-ubiquinone oxido-reductase. This is a large complex that also contains many subunits synthesized in the cytoplasm - it will be referred to hereafter as respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase or Complex I. Six subunits of Complex I were shown by enzyme fractionation studies and immunoprecipitation experiments to be encoded by six human URF's (URF1, URF2, URF3, URF4, URF4L, and URF5) These URF's will be referred to subsequently as ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4, ND4L and ND5. O parágrafo foi reescrito e agora há seis sentenças com comprimentos mais ou menos iguais. As três primeiras frases fazem parte de uma pequena lista descrevendo o que se sabe sobre os grupos de moléculas diferentes. Depois concentra-se que o texto no que é conhecido acerca de um destes grupos. Estas três frases seguir a estrutura contexto:mensagem:contexto:mensagem muito bem. 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Structure - paragraphs
Start with generalities and then move towards more specific ideas. There should be an obvious logical connection between paragraphs. There should be one main or theme point per paragraph; if the paragraph contains too many themes, create a new paragraph or paragraphs. Now some examples… Comece com generalidades e, em seguida, avançar para ideias mais específicas. Deve haver uma conexão lógica óbvia entre parágrafos. Deve haver um ponto principal ou tema por parágrafo Se o parágrafo contém muitos temas, criar um novo parágrafo ou parágrafos.

REGIONAL LUNG VENTILATION DISTRIBUTION AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC HEART FAILURE AFTER AN INSPIRATORY MUSCLE TRAINING PROGRAME: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL Introduction: Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a complex syndrome caused by functional or structural cardiac abnormalities, leading to defects in ventricular filling/ejection. As a result, the heart is unable to adequately supply the blood demand of tissues.1,2 The main symptoms of CHF are dyspnea and fatigue,3,4 caused by a physiopathological interaction beyond the hemodynamic disorder itself.3-6 Research shows that the lungs, with the exception of possible pulmonary function damage, are not responsible for reduced functional capacity in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF).4 Since hemodynamic and pulmonary limitations do not sufficiently explain the appearance of fatigue and dyspnea in CHF sufferers, several studies suggest that skeletal muscle abnormalities may contribute to these symptoms among subjects with CHF.6,7 Fatigue and dyspnea hamper performance in activities of daily living and exercise among patients with CHF.8 These symptoms are caused by skeletal muscle atrophy, lower percentages of type I fibers in relation to type II, a decline in oxidative enzymes with rapid depletion of glycolytic mechanisms, as well as a decrease in the size and number of mitochondria.9 In addition, respiratory muscle weakness may be involved in increased breathing effort during hyperpnea required to perform activities with greater energy expenditure.10 Inspiratory muscle dysfunction is characterized by a reduction in their ability to generate pressure and force. This decreased strength is the result of histological and biochemical changes. Based on diaphragm biopsies of individuals with CHF, histological studies recorded an increase in type I fibers, suggesting a compensatory mechanism for the ventilation overload of these muscles. 11 Moreover, weakness in these muscles can also be explained by the reduced diameter of muscular fibers, causing mechanical alterations.12 Clinically, this dysfunction may lead to limited exercise ability and diminished quality of life, as well as a less favorable prognosis among individuals affected.10 In an attempt to reduce respiratory muscle dysfunction in CHF sufferers, several investigations have demonstrated the effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT). 8,10,13 Inspiratory muscles, particularly the diaphragm, exhibit plasticity and are therefore susceptible to the principles of training.14 In accordance with the specificity of training, IMT improves respiratory function in daily activities with regard to the type of muscle recruitment pattern required during exercise or activities of daily living of patients. 15 A recent study by Chiappa et al 13, recorded a 72% increase in MIP among individuals who underwent IMT and suffered from CHF related to inspiratory muscle weakness, compared to patients not submitted to training. Using ultrasound testing, the investigation also found that IMT provoked notable diaphragmatic hypertrophy. Another clinically significant aspect in CHF sufferers is the presence of cardiomegaly in some patients. In this condition expansion of the chest wall is limited and extrapulmonary restriction, caused by competition between the lungs and heart for space inside the chest, may occur. As the disease advances and worsens, in association with cardiomegaly, episodes of dyspnea become more frequent and severe with minimal effort and muscle fatigue sets in progressively sooner.14-15 Thus, the present study aims to assess regional lung ventilation distribution in patients with CHF after completing an inspiratory muscle training program and correlate it with functional capacity and quality of life among these individuals. Um exemplo. Aqui a estrutura é evidente quando olhamos apenas as primeiras frases de cada parágrafo 18/10/2013 Ganesha Associates

REGIONAL LUNG VENTILATION DISTRIBUTION AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC HEART FAILURE AFTER AN INSPIRATORY MUSCLE TRAINING PROGRAME: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL Introduction: Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a complex syndrome caused by functional or structural cardiac abnormalities, leading to defects in ventricular filling/ejection. The main symptoms of CHF are dyspnea and fatigue,3,4 caused by a physiopathological interaction beyond the hemodynamic disorder itself.3- Fatigue and dyspnea hamper performance in activities of daily living and exercise among patients with CHF.8 Inspiratory muscle dysfunction is characterized by a reduction in their ability to generate pressure and force. In an attempt to reduce respiratory muscle dysfunction in CHF sufferers, several investigations have demonstrated the effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT). 8,10,13 A recent study by Chiappa et al 13, recorded a 72% increase in MIP among individuals who underwent IMT and suffered from CHF related to inspiratory muscle weakness, compared to patients not submitted to training. Using ultrasound testing, the investigation also found that IMT provoked notable diaphragmatic hypertrophy. Another clinically significant aspect in CHF sufferers is the presence of cardiomegaly in some patients. Thus, the present study aims to assess regional lung ventilation distribution in patients with CHF after completing an inspiratory muscle training program and correlate it with functional capacity and quality of life among these individuals. A apresentação da informação precisa a ser reorganizada de modo que cada parágrafo tem uma função única e assim os parágrafos são apresentados em uma ordem lógica. 18/10/2013 Ganesha Associates

INSPIRATORY MUSCLE TRAINING IMPROVES REGIONAL LUNG VENTILATION DISTRIBUTION IN CHRONIC HEART FAILURE PATIENTS: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL Introduction: The main symptoms of chronic heart failure (CHF) are dyspnea and fatigue,3,4 Several studies suggest that skeletal muscle abnormalities may contribute to these symptoms.6,7 Diaphragm biopsies of individuals with CHF show an increase in type I fibers, suggesting a compensatory mechanism for the ventilation overload of these muscles. 11 Moreover, weakness in these muscles can also be explained by the reduced diameter of muscular fibers, causing mechanical alterations.12 Clinically, this dysfunction may lead to limited exercise ability and diminished quality of life, as well as a less favorable prognosis among individuals affected.10 Some CHF patients have cardiomegaly. Expansion of the chest wall is limited and extra-pulmonary restriction, caused by competition between the lungs and heart for space inside the chest, may occur. As the disease advances episodes of dyspnea become more frequent and muscle fatigue sets in progressively sooner.14-15 In an attempt to increase respiratory muscle function in CHF sufferers, several investigations have demonstrated the positive effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT). 8,10,13 IMT improves respiratory function in daily activities with regard to the type of muscle recruitment pattern required during exercise or activities of daily living of patients. 15 For example, a recent study by Chiappa et al 13, recorded a 72% increase in MIP in CHF patients who underwent IMT. Using ultrasound testing, the investigation also found that IMT provoked notable diaphragmatic hypertrophy. Here we show that IMT improved muscle strength, functional capacity and quality of life in CHS patients. We also analyzed the distribution behavior of lung volumes for the thoracoabdominal system in this population and found that larger abdominal rib cage and abdomen volumes may result in more effective diaphragmatic contraction. Agora temos quatro parágrafos de comprimento mais ou menos igual 18/10/2013 Ganesha Associates

INSPIRATORY MUSCLE TRAINING IMPROVES REGIONAL LUNG VENTILATION DISTRIBUTION IN CHRONIC HEART FAILURE PATIENTS: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL Introduction: The main symptoms of chronic heart failure (CHF) are dyspnea and fatigue. Clinically, this dysfunction may lead to limited exercise ability and diminished quality of life, as well as a less favourable prognosis among individuals affected. In an attempt to increase respiratory muscle function in CHF sufferers, several investigations have demonstrated the positive effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT). Here we show that IMT improved muscle strength, functional capacity and quality of life in CHS patients. E aqui estão as quatro frases. A história é muito mais clara, mas a redação revelou um problema. Não está claro como o novo trabalho foi melhorado o nosso conhecimento neste campo. O artigo parece simplesmente confirmar estudos anteriores. 18/10/2013 Ganesha Associates

Learning points Read critically, make notes
Analyse the structure of articles Because each paragraph has a specific function they should appear in a logical order Ditto each sentence within the paragraph. Within each sentence, try to move from the general to the particular Punctuation can alter meaning, so use it sparingly Example: The panda eats shoots and leaves vs. The panda eats, shoots and leaves Pontos de aprendizagem Cada seção do manuscrito tem uma função específica Cada parágrafo tem uma função específica e deve ser apresentado em uma ordem lógica Idem: cada frase dentro do parágrafo. Dentro de cada frase, tente mover a partir do geral para o particular A pontuação pode alterar o significado, para usá-lo com moderação 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Types of scientific writing
Grant application Mestrado or Doutorado proposal Published scientific article Abstract Brief communication Primary research article Review Methods/Techniques Supplementary content Book chapter Monograph Patent Conference proceedings Há muitas formas de escrita científica. Aqui está uma lista dos principais tipos de documentos. Hoje vamos olhar um pouco mais de perto no artigo original 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Scientific papers have a structure
A scientific paper is a written report describing original research results whose format has been defined by centuries of developing tradition, editorial practice, scientific ethics and the interplay with printing and digital publishing services. The result of this process is that virtually every scientific paper has a title, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results and discussion – the so-called IMRD structure. Even so, most publications have their own rules about a paper's format: So read the Journal’s Instructions for Authors first! Um artigo científico é um relatório escrito descrevendo os resultados de pesquisa originais em formato definido por séculos de tradição, as práticas editoriais, a ética científica e a interação com serviços de impressão e publicação digital. O resultado deste processo é que praticamente todos os artigos científicos tem uma estratura comumou seja um título, resumo, introdução, seção de materiais e métodos, resultados e discussão. Mesmo assim, a maioria das publicações têm as suas próprias regras sobre o formato de um artigo. Então, leia as instruções para os autores antes de começar a escrever! 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Instructions to authors
General Information Requirements for Submission Types of Articles Submission Fee Revising/Finalizing a Manuscript Publication Fee Revisions Policies Proofs Contact Information Preparing a Manuscript Embargo Policy Regular Manuscripts Cover Art Brief Communications NIH Public Access Policy Journal Clubs Correcting Errors in Published Articles Letters to the Editor Corrections Invited Articles Retractions Submitting a Manuscript Review Process Um exemplo do “Journal of Neuroscience” Ele contém muitas informações úteis sobre como escrever um artigo 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Other guides for authors
CONSORT, which stands for Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials, encompasses various initiatives developed by the CONSORT Group to alleviate the problems arising from inadequate reporting of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Nature has also produced a checklist is used to ensure good reporting standards and to improve the reproducibility of published results Se você estiver envolvido em pesquisas clínicas ou pretende submeter à Nature, leia estes documentos também 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Summary of an article’s main components
Materials and Methods Results Tables Figures Discussion References/Citations Title Author details Keywords Abstract/Summary Introduction Resumo dos componentes principais de um artigo 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Each section has a specific purpose
More on simple rules Research proposals (and research articles) tell a story Cada seção tem um objectivo específico. Introdução = Por quê? Métodos = Como Resultados = O que Discussão = Implicações 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates Slides by Susan Ruff Spring 2007

Title A title should be the fewest possible words that accurately describe the content of the paper. Omit all waste words such as "A study of ...", "Investigations of ...", "Observations on ...", etc. Remember, the title appears in the search results – so make it explicit And, indexing and abstracting services depend on the accuracy of the title, extracting from it keywords used for cross-referencing and computer searching. So, a badly-titled paper may never reach the audience for which it was intended! Um título deve ser construido por o menor número de palavras possível que descrevem com precisão as conclusões do artigo. Omitir todas as palavras como "Um estudo de ...", "Investigações de ...", "Observações sobre ...", etc porque eles não têm valor. Lembre-se, o título aparece nos resultados de busca – então, deixá-lo muito claro. E, o processo da indexação depende da exatidão do título. Assim, um artigo mal-intitulado pode nunca atingir o público para o qual foi destinado! 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Titles – some good examples
Cognitive-behavioral strategies improve dyspnea and related distress in COPD. Reversal of Histone Lysine Trimethylation by the JMJD2 Family of Histone Demethylases Similar Frontal and Distinct Posterior Cortical Regions Mediate Visual and Auditory Perceptual Awareness. Breathing exercises for adults with asthma. Wntless is a Conserved Membrane Protein Dedicated to the Secretion of Wnt Proteins from Signaling Cells Alguns bons exemplos. Os títulos tudo fazer boas declarações positivas 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Titles – some not so good examples
Cloning and nucleotide sequencing of three heat shock protein genes (hsp90, hsc70, and hsp19.5) from the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) and their expression in relation to developmental stage and temperature. (Result ?, length, abbreviations) Effect of docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil supplementation on human leukocyte function. (Result ?) Organization and methodology of early rehabilitation of the patients with cardioembolic stroke complicated by cardiac insufficiency. (Length) Títulos - alguns não tão bons exemplos 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Titles – some not so good examples improved
Diamondback moth heat shock genes are expressed differentially according to developmental stage and temperature Docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil supplementation has a positive effect on human leukocyte function. Early rehabilitation of patients with cardioembolic stroke and cardiac insufficiency]. Títulos - alguns não tão bons exemplos depois de redação 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Names: How many do you have?
Quantos nomes você tem? Scopus já tem ferramentas para unir as publicações oriundo de um autor único 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Choose, and stick with, a unique author name. Register with ORCID
André Luiz Cabral Monteiro de Azevedo Santiago Clarissa Daisy Costa Albuquerque Eliane Maria Soares-Ventura Neide Santos Bethânia de Araújo Silva Amaral Maria Tereza Cartaxo Muniz Flávio José da Costa Ramos Cecília S.C. Melo Raquel dos Santos Vera Cruz Vera Lúcia Lins de Morais Terezinha de Jesus Marques–Salles Maria Auxiliadora de Queiroz Cavalcanti Galba Maria de Campos Takaki Escolha e ficar com um nome de autor único. Ou registe-se no Orcid 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Keywords The author keyword list provides the opportunity to add alternative indexing terms, in addition to those already present in the title. Judicious use of keywords may increase the ease with which interested readers can locate your article in a database such as SciELO or ScienceDirect. A lista de palavras-chave fornece a oportunidade de adicionar termos de indexação alternativas, para além das já apresentado no título. O uso de palavras-chave pode aumentar a facilidade com que os leitores interessados podem localizar o seu artigo em um banco de dados como SciELO ou ScienceDirect. 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Keywords Title BK Channels in Cardiovascular Diseases and Aging
Calcium-activated potassium channels, BK, vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelium, aging, cardiovascular diseases Qualitative changes in fetal trabecular meshwork fibers at the human iridocorneal angle Trabecular meshwork, Schlemm's canal, collagen, silver staining Alguns exemplos Veja, algumas palavras foram repetidas no primeiro exemplo 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Abstract The abstract should summarize the results and principal conclusions. A well-prepared abstract enables the reader to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, and thus to decide whether to read the document in its entirety. Do not include details of the methods used unless the study is methodological, i.e. primarily concerned with methods. O resumo deve fornecer os resultados e conclusões principais. Um resumo bem preparado permite ao leitor identificar o conteúdo básico de um documento com rapidez e precisão, e, assim, decidir se a ler o documento na íntegra. Não incluir detalhes dos métodos utilizados, a menos que o estudo é metodológica, ou seja, principalmente preocupados com os métodos. 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Abstract The abstract, together with the title, must be self-explanatory as they are published separately from the paper in abstracting/indexing services Omit all references to the literature and to tables or figures Omit obscure abbreviations and acronyms even though they may be defined in main body of the paper. O resumo, juntamente com o título, deve ser auto-explicativo porque eles são publicados separadamente do artigo inteiro por serviços de indexação Omitir todas as referências à literatura e às tabelas ou figuras Omitir abreviações e siglas obscuras, elas possam ser definidos no corpo principal do texto do artigo. 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

A good abstract always has a well-defined structure
It is known that white adipose tissue (WAT) serves as the primary energy depot in the body by storing fat. During development, fat cell precursors (i.e., preadipocytes) undergo a hypertrophic response as they mature into lipid-laden adipocytes. However, the mechanisms that regulate adipocyte size and mass remain undefined. Herein, we demonstrate that the membrane anchored metalloproteinase, MT1-MMP, coordinates adipocyte differentiation in vivo. In the absence of the protease, WAT development is aborted, leaving tissues populated by mini-adipocytes which render null mice lipodystrophic. Hence, MT1-MMP acts as a 3-D-specific adipogenic factor that directs the dynamic adipocyte-ECM interactions critical to WAT development. Bons resumos fornecer um resumo estruturado dos destaques do artigo: Introdução, problema abordado, os resultados, conclusões. Isso os torna fácil de ler. Aqui as seções diferentes são destacadas por cores. 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

A good abstract always has a well-defined structure
It is known that white adipose tissue (WAT) serves as the primary energy depot in the body by storing fat. During development, fat cell precursors (i.e., preadipocytes) undergo a hypertrophic response as they mature into lipid-laden adipocytes. However, the mechanisms that regulate adipocyte size and mass remain undefined. Herein, we demonstrate that the membrane anchored metalloproteinase, MT1-MMP, coordinates adipocyte differentiation in vivo. In the absence of the protease, WAT development is aborted, leaving tissues populated by mini-adipocytes which render null mice lipodystrophic. Hence, MT1-MMP acts as a 3-D-specific adipogenic factor that directs the dynamic adipocyte-ECM interactions critical to WAT development. Veja também como palavras como "portanto" e "porém" são usados para fornecer sinais para o leitor sobre o objetivo de cada seção. 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Different Abstract styles
Background: Markers of inflammation such as high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) were shown to be elevated in patients with hypertension. Small trials using statin therapy showed blood-pressure (BP) reductions, but it is unknown whether this association extends to larger populations. The objective of this study was to determine whether statin use was associated with better blood-pressure control in adults with hypertension and whether inflammation levels mediated this relationship. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 2584 hypertensive adults aged _40 years with no known cardiovascular disease from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002. Logistic regression models were calculated to determine whether there was an association between statin use and blood-pressure control. C-reactive protein was added to the full model to determine its impact on the association. Results: Compared with people not using statin medication, significantly more statin users had their blood pressure under control (52.2% v 38.0%). After adjustment for demographic factors, statin users were two times (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.46 to 2.72) more likely to have their blood pressure under control (_140/90 mm Hg) than nonusers. After further adjustment for body mass index, diabetes, smoking, exercise, low-salt diet, and antihypertensive medications, the likelihood of having blood pressure under control remained more likely among statin users (odds ratio, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.05 to 2.05). The association between statin use and lower BP was most evident among participants who used antihypertensive medication as well as statins and was unchanged with the addition of CRP to the model. Conclusions: Statin use was associated with a BP level _140/90 mm Hg in a representative sample of US adults with hypertension. Levels of CRP did not attenuate the association. Further studies are needed to explore the effects of statin use on blood pressure and to determine how best to apply this knowledge in clinical care. From the American Journal of Hypertension Alguns periódicos exigem resumos sejam escritos em um estilo diferente. Aqui está um exemplo. Acho que este estilo difícil de ler. Há texto demais para ler! 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Resource value affects territorial defense by Broad-tailed and Rufous hummingbirds
Territorial behavior of Broad-tailed (Selasphorous platycercus) and Rufous (Selasphorous rufus) hummingbirds in Colorado was measured at sites with feeders containing 10%, 20%, and 30% sucrose solutions, respectively. The presence or absence of territory holders, number of intruders, and intensity of defense were measured at the three levels of energy availability. Migrating Rufous Hummingbirds displaced Broad-tailed Hummingbirds from territories they had defended during the breeding season; Broad-tailed Hummingbirds then defended only lower quality sites. Both Broad-tailed and Rufous hummingbirds employed more energetically expensive behaviors when defending high quality sites, with longer chases more often supplemented with chip calls and hovering. Other investigators have suggested that chip calls and hovering are precursors to a chase. However, I found that chasing was the default response to the presence of an intruder. Chip calls and hovering were added to intensify a chase. In the few cases where chip calls were uttered or hovering occurred without a chase, Rufous Hummingbirds were more likely to exhibit this behavior than Broad-tailed Hummingbirds. ©2006 Journal of Field Ornithology. Este resumo descreve os resultados sem explicar qual era o problema ou que as conclusões são. O título é vago também. 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Introduction The Introduction establishes why there was a need to conduct the study by placing your objectives within the context of the current literature. Thus the need for the new work should clearly flow from that carried out previously. Each logical step should be fully supported by appropriate references. At the end of the Introduction you should state clearly the specific scope and objectives of the new research. A introdução estabelece por que houve a necessidade de realizar o estudo, colocando seus objetivos dentro do contexto da literatura atual. Assim, a necessidade de que o novo trabalho deve fluir claramente do que foi realizado anteriormente. Cada passo lógico deve ser totalmente suportado por referências apropriadas. No final da Introdução você deve indicar claramente o âmbito e objectivos específicos da nova pesquisa. 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Você pode pensar da Introdução como tendo uma função em forma de funil que conduz o leitor a partir do geral para o particular. Lembre-se a imagem do iceberg invertido! 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

An example of a problem Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) have a fundamental role in nutrient absorption of many plant species. Tree species of ecological and economic relevance in reforestation programs depend on ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, especially in soils contaminated by mining activities. The ability of EMF to reduce the toxicity of heavy metal ions (e.g. copper) in their host plants is accompanied by the decrease of metal concentrations in the aerial part of the plant. Due to increased absorption of these metals by the EM roots and the accumulation in the extra radical mycelium, greater tolerance to such elements is achieved by the host. Research has been conducted to determine the sensitivity of EMF to a variety of potentially toxic metals to understand the diverse mechanisms through which the fungi may tolerate heavy metals. Enzymatic activity is important for the mobilization and transference of soil nutrients through EM fungi towards the host plant. In this study we investigate the effects of copper and phosphorus concentrations on mycelial growth and enzymatic activities of the EM fungi Pisolithus microcarpus, Chondrogaster angustisporus and Suillus sp. in two growth experiments. Nenhuma tentativa é feita para se juntar a literatura na introdução ao objetivo dos experimentos a serem realizados. "A atividade enzimática é importante para a mobilização e transferência de nutrientes do solo através de EM fungos para a planta hospedeira. [Onde é a justificativa para selecionar esses objectivos específicos??] Neste estudo foram investigados os efeitos de concentrações de cobre e fósforo no crescimento micelial e atividade enzimática da EM fungos Pisolithus microcarpus, Chondrogaster angustisporus e Suillus sp. em dois experimentos de crescimento. " 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Materials and Methods The main purpose of the 'Materials and Methods' section is to provide enough detail for a competent worker to repeat your study and reproduce the results. Equipment and materials available off the shelf should be described briefly (e.g. Licor underwater quantum sensor, Model LI 192SB) and sources of materials should be given if there is there is likely to be a variation in quality between suppliers. Modifications to equipment or equipment constructed specifically for the study should be carefully described in detail. The methods used to prepare unusual reagents, fixatives, and stains should also be described in detail. O objetivo principal da seção "Materiais e Métodos" é para fornecer detalhes suficientes para um trabalhador competente para repetir o seu estudo e reproduzir os resultados. Equipamento e materiais disponíveis nas prateleiras devem ser descritos brevemente (por exemplo Licor de sensor quântico subaquático, Modelo LI 192SB) e fontes de materiais deve ser administrada, se houver, é provável que seja uma variação na qualidade entre fornecedores. As modificações de equipamento ou equipamento fabricado especificamente para o estudo deve ser cuidadosamente descritas em detalhe. Os métodos usados para preparar os reagentes, fixadores e manchas não usuais também deve ser descrita em detalhe. 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Materials and Methods Be precise in describing measurements and include the confidence intervals associated with your measurements. Ordinary statistical methods should be used without comment; advanced or unusual methods may require a literature citation. So there is a pattern emerging. Standard techniques can be dealt with quickly, but modified or new techniques should be described with a view to enabling replication Show your materials and methods section to a colleague. Ask them if they think they would have difficulty in repeating your study Seja preciso na descrição de medidas e incluem os intervalos de confiança associados com suas medidas. Métodos estatísticos comuns devem ser utilizados sem comentários; métodos avançados ou incomuns podem exigir uma citação. Então, há um padrão emergente. Técnicas padrão pode ser tratada com rapidez, mas técnicas modificadas ou novas devem ser descritos com vista a permitir a replicação Mostre seus seção de materiais e métodos a um colega. Pergunte-lhe se ele acha que ele teria dificuldade em repetir o seu estudo 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Results Write this section first!
Display items (figures and tables) are central in this section. Get them prepared and complete all of your statistical analysis before you start writing Present your results in the order that makes the overall significance of your work clearest. Note that this may not necessarily match the order in which the experiments were performed. Resultados Escrever esta seção primeiro! Itens de exibição (figuras e tabelas) são centrais nesta seção. Obtê-los preparados e completar todos de sua análise estatística, antes de começar a escrever. Apresente seus resultados na ordem que faz com que o significado da sua obra mais clara. Note-se que esta pode não corresponder à ordem em que foram realizadas os experimentos originais. 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Results Many readers will start reading your paper by looking at the figures and tables. The conclusions to be drawn from individual figures and tables should be clear from the titles and captions used, i.e. they should be designed as self-contained units of information. The main text should read logically and be understandable without the reader initially having to refer back and forth repeatedly to the figures and tables So don’t say ”The relationship between bird species richness and habitat complexity is clearly evident from Fig. 1". Say instead "Bird species richness increased with habitat complexity (Fig. 1)". Muitos leitores vão começar a ler seu artigo, olhando para as figuras e tabelas. Cada figura e tabela deve contar uma história clara. Esta mensagem deve ser traduzido em um título breve. A legenda deve, então, contar essa história com mais detalhes. A fim de entender a tabela ou figura o leitor não precisa se referir ao texto principal. O texto principal deve ser lido de forma lógica e compreensível, sem que o leitor, inicialmente, ter que se referir para as figuras e tabelas. Então não diga "A relação entre a riqueza de espécies de aves e complexidade habitat é claramente evidente da figura. 1 ". Diga em vez “A riqueza de espécies aumentou com a complexidade do habitat (Fig. 1). " 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Table design example Form/%NaCl
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% Globose 8.38 (±1.15) 8.49 (±0,90) 9.67 (±1.29) 10,72 (±2,88) - Subglobose 9.38 (±1.44) x (±1.18) 9.93 (±1.40) x 8.94(±2.8) 10.2 (±2.42) x 9.19 (±0.97) 10.95 (±0.9) x 9.93 (±1.41) 12.52 (±1.13) x 10.3 (±0.93) Subglobose to ellipsoidal 11.4 (±1.5) x 9.60 (±1,.2) 10.87 (±0.64) x 9.30 (±1.15) 11.24 (±1.0) x (±0.10) 11.94 (±1.28) x (±0.82) 13.32 (±1.92) x (±1.12) Ellipsoidal 10.89 (±0.43) x 9.9 (±2.66) 13.28 (±3.60) x 10.5 (±1.54) 12.45 (±1.51) x 9.12 (±1.14) 12.55 (±1.72) x 9.75 (±1.22) 15.37 (±1.66) x (±1.23) Esta tabela falta um título. A legenda não explica o que os números são ou o que eles significam. Esta informação pode estar em algum lugar no texto principal, mas isso pode ser em uma página separada. Assim, o leitor tem que trabalhar muito duro para entender o que eles deveriam tirar conclusões a partir dessas informações. Caption - Average size (μm) of C. elegans sporangioles in Hesseltine & Anderson culture media with 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8% NaCl at 20ºC. Why is this a bad example? 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

A figura neste slide e um no próximo são exemplos de ilustrações claras. Ambos têm um título claro, e a legenda fornece explicação suficiente para o leitor a seguir as seqüências de fotos. 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Discussion - structure
Don’t repeat the results section Answer the research question(s) posed Emphasize the major finding(s) first What is your major conclusion, based on the results you have presented? Interpret your results … Compare with other studies Same or different? Possible reasons why? Unexpected results Briefly describe any limitations Sample sizes How could experiments be improved? Restate major conclusion(s) Possible applications and implications Suggest future work As seções de discussão são muito longos Não repita a seção de resultados Responda à pergunta de pesquisa(s) posou Enfatizar o principal achado(s) Qual é a sua principal conclusão, com base nos resultados que você apresentou? Interpretar os resultados ... Comparação com outros estudos Iguais ou diferentes? As possíveis razões por que? resultados inesperados Descrever brevemente as limitações tamanhos de amostra Como experimentos poderia ser melhorado? Reafirmar conclusão importante (s) Possíveis aplicações e implicações Sugerir trabalho futuro 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

References - purpose By placing references at strategic points in the text, the reader is able to retrieve the evidence being used to support a particular argument or statement In this way the reader is able to recreate the logical train of thought that led the author to a particular conclusion Any mistakes in reference use could result in rejection of your article Ao colocar referências em pontos estratégicos no texto, o leitor é capaz de recuperar a evidência que está sendo usada para apoiar um argumento ou uma declaração especial Desta forma, o leitor é capaz de recriar o trem de pensamento lógico que levou o autor a uma conclusão particular Quaisquer erros no uso de referência pode resultar na rejeição de seu artigo 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

References - format References
[1] Kotsis V, Stabouli S, Karafillis I, Nilsson P. Early vascular aging and the role of central blood pressure. J Hypertens. 2011;29(10):1847–53. [PubMed] [2] Barodka VM, Joshi BL, Berkowitz DE, Hogue CW, Jr, Nyhan D. Review article: implications of vascular aging. Anesth Analg. 2011;112(5):1048–60. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [3] Toro L, Marijic J, Nishimaru K, Tanaka Y, Song M, Stefani E. Aging, ion channel expression, and vascular function. Vascul Pharmacol. 2002;38(1):73–80. [PubMed] [4] Panza F, D’Introno A, Colacicco AM, Capurso C, Parigi AD, Capurso SA, Caselli RJ, Pilotto A, Scafato E, Capurso A, Solfrizzi V. Cognitive frailty: Predementia syndrome and vascular risk factors. Neurobiol Aging. 2006;27(7):933–40. [PubMed] [5] Jackson WFn. Ion channels and vascular tone. Hypertension. 2000;35(1 Pt 2):173–8. [PMC free article] [PubMed] Jornais difirentes podem esperar as referências a ser formatado de forma ligeiramente diferente. Leia as "Instruções aos autores" antes de começar a escrever! 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Plagiary and ‘language re-use’
If you use somebody else’s words, make this clear by using quotation marks and a reference The act of plagiarizing or appropriating the ideas, writings, or inventions of another without due acknowledgment; specifically the stealing of passages either for word or in substance, from the writings of another and publishing them as one's own It is now easy for publishers to detect plagiarism Se você usar as palavras de outra pessoa, deixar isso claro, usando aspas e uma referência O plágio se define como: O ato de plagiar ou apropriar-se das idéias, escritos, ou invenções de outro sem o devido reconhecimento, especificamente o roubo de passagens ou de palavra ou em substância, a partir dos escritos de outro e publicá-los como a própria Agora é fácil para os editores para detectar plágio 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Covering letter format
Address to the editor personally State your manuscript title and publication type Give a brief background, rationale and description of your results Explain the importance of your findings and why they would be of interest to the journal’s target audience Supply details of possible reviewers O editor está à procura de razões para rejeitar o seu artigo. Então, envie uma carta com o manuscrito que deixa claro por que ele deve considerar o seu artigo para publicação. Endereço para o editor pessoalmente Declare seu título do manuscrito e tipo de publicação Dar uma descrição breve e lógica de seus resultados Explicar a importância de suas descobertas e por que seria de interesse para o público-alvo do jornal

The “write” order Escreva os métodos de como você executa suas experiências. Quando você tiver completado um experimento, resumir os resultados como uma figura ou uma tabela. Slide courtesy of Ebanz 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

Common manuscript problems
Failure to state the purpose of the study in the title, abstract, introduction… Failure to keep function of sections clear and distinct, e.g. merge results and discussion Including non-essential data Treating the Introduction and/or Discussion as an opportunity to review the entire field Not following Instructions to Authors Os problemas mais comuns Deixar de declarar o propósito do estudo no título, resumo, introdução ... A falha para manter a função de secções claras e distintas, por exemplo, resultados e discussão fundido A inclusão de dados não essenciais Tratar a introdução e / ou a discussão como uma oportunidade para rever todo o campo Não seguir as instruções aos autores 12 August 2013 Ganesha Associates

A letter of rejection Dear Author,
We have received the reports from our advisors on your manuscript XYZ-D “Title********************************". With regret, I must inform you that, based on the advice received, I have decided that your manuscript cannot be accepted for publication in the Journal of Imaginary Microbiology. Below, please find the comments for your perusal. You are kindly requested to also check the website for possible reviewer attachment(s). I would like to thank you very much for forwarding your manuscript to us for consideration and wish you every success in finding an alternative place of publication. With kind regards, Editor A carta de rejeição

What to do next Unconditional rejection Conditional rejection
Editor offers no opportunity for appeal Show comments to colleagues Revise as though the rejection was conditional Submit to a different journal Conditional rejection Regard this as an opportunity to improve your paper Respond to all comments and record your actions in a covering letter Consider submitting to a better journal! Se você for rejeitado, o que fazer a seguir? Rejeição incondicional Editor não oferece nenhuma oportunidade para recurso Mostrar comentários aos colegas Rever como se a rejeição era condicional Enviar para um jornal diferente Rejeição condicional Considerar isso como uma oportunidade para melhorar o seu papel Responder a todos os comentários e registrar suas ações em uma carta de apresentação Considere a submeter-se a um jornal melhor!

Reviewer comments - example
The paper needs to be formatted properly for the journal. This reviewer was only able to find information for papers submitted with Introduction, materials and methods, results and discussion sections while much of this is in the paper the format appears to be incorrect even for a short communication. It was difficult to find the number of samples taken or to understand the experimental set-up as written; changing the style to a more traditional journal format as suggested above would help with this. In addition the most important reference Brown et al 2013 is missing! Comentários do revisor - um exemplo O documento precisa ser formatado corretamente para o jornal. Este revisor não foi capaz de encontrar informações sobre a Introdução, Material e Métodos, Resultados e Discussão, embora grande parte isso é no artigol o formato parece estar incorreto, mesmo por um comunicação curto. Foi difícil encontrar o número de amostras colhidas ou entender a situação experimental como está escrito; mudando o estilo para um formato de jornal mais tradicional como sugerido acima iria me ajudar com isso. Além disso, a referência mais importante Brown et al 2013 está faltando!

Reviewer comments - example
This paper describes clinical and cytogenetic finding in a child with retinoblastoma who had an aggressive fatal course. The authors postulate that this may be related to changes in chromosome 6. However, it is difficult to see how the findings here either promote or negate that hypothesis. In addition several other problems should be addressed: Abstract, line 9: could (not should) Abstract: define IO Staging details at the time of initial diagnosis are inadequate. Were scans done of the head? chest? abdomen? pelvis? bone? One assumes that the right eye was normal at initial diagnosis but this is not stated. Comentários do revisor - um exemplo Este artigo descreve clínica e citogenética encontrar em uma criança com retinoblastoma que tinha um curso fatal agressivo. Os autores postulam que isso pode estar relacionado a mudanças no cromossomo 6. No entanto, é difícil ver como os resultados aqui promover ou negar essa hipótese. Além disso deve ser dirigida vários outros problemas:? Abstrato, linha 9: pode (não deve)? Resumo: definir IO? Encenação detalhes no momento do diagnóstico inicial são insuficientes. Varreduras foram feitas da cabeça? peito? abdômen? pélvis? óssea? Supõe-se que o olho direito estava normal no momento do diagnóstico inicial, mas isso não é indicado. 17 June 2013 Ganesha Associates

Referee’s comments can be confusing
Os comentários dos revisores podem ser confusando. O problema mais comum é que os comentários feitos pelos avaliadores diferentes são conflitantes. Slide courtesy Edanz

Referee response letter
Respond to all of the reviewers’ comments Describe all of the changes you have made in the letter Also describe the reasons why you have not made suggested changes Make it easy to see the changes have made in the manuscript itself Refer to line and page numbers Different color font Highlight the text A carta de resposta Responder a todos os comentários dos revisores Descreva todas as alterações feitas na carta Descrever também as razões pelas quais você ainda não fez alguns das mudanças sugerido. Tornar mais fácil para ver as mudanças que fez no manuscrito Consulte os números de linha e de página Usar fonte de cor diferente Slide modified from Edanz

Referee response letter
If you disagree with the reviewer with the reviewer be clear why: Reviewer Comment: In your analysis of the data you have chosen to use a somewhat obscure fitting function (regression). In my opinion, a simple Gaussian function would have sufficed. Moreover, the results would be more instructive and easier to compare to previous results. Author response: We agree with the reviewer that a simple Gaussian fit would facilitate comparison with the results of other studies. However, our tailored function allows for the analysis of the data in terms of the Smith model [Smith et al, 1998]. We have added two sentences to the paper (page 3 paragraph 2) to explain the use of this function and Smith’s model. Carta de resposta a um árbitro Se você não concordar com o revisor com o revisor, ser claro o porquê: Comentário de revisor: Em sua análise dos dados que você escolheu para usar uma função de um tanto obscuro (regressão). Na minha opinião, uma função simples Gaussian teria bastado. Além disso, os resultados seriam mais instrutiva e mais fácil para comparar com os resultados anteriores. Resposta Autor: Concordamos com o revisor que um Gaussian iria facilitar a comparação com os resultados de outros estudos. No entanto, a função adaptada permite a análise de dados em termos de modelo de Smith [Smith et al, 1998]. Nós adicionamos duas frases para o papel (página 3 § 2 º) para explicar o uso desta função e o modelo de Smith. Slide modified from Edanz

Journal of Voice Voice problems of future speech-language pathologists. The impact of phonation mode and vocal technique on vocal fold closure in young females with normal voice quality Acoustic voice analysis of prelingually deaf adults before and after cochlear implantation. Quantifying component parts of indirect and direct voice therapy related to different voice disorders. Acoustic and electroglottographic analyses of nonpathological, nonmodal phonation. The effect of experience on classification of voice quality. The vocal clarity of female speech-language pathology students: an exploratory study. Obstacles to communication in children with cri du chat syndrome. Current and emerging concepts in muscle tension dysphonia: a 30-month review. Esta terceira lista mostra artigos publicados pelo Journal of Voice, que têm freqüências de palavras semelhante à definição da Wikipedia de “terapia da fala”. Títulos das primeira e terceira lâminas são mais fáceis de editar do que os da lâmina meio. Titles matched by Edanz to Wiki-pedia definition of speech therapy.

Journal of Applied Oral Science
2.1 Illustrations and Tables 2.1.1 The illustrations (photographs, graphs, drawings, charts, etc.), regarded as figures, should be limited to the least amount possible and should be uploaded in separate files, consecutively numbered with Arabic numbers according to the order they appear in the text. 2.1.2 Photographs should be sent in original colors and digitized in .jpg or tif formats with at least 10 cm width and at least 300 dpi. These illustrations should be provided in supplementary files and not inserted in the Word document. 2.1.3 The corresponding legends for figures should be clear, concise and typed at the end of the manuscript as a separate list preceded by the corresponding number. 2.1.4 The tables should be logically arranged, consecutively numbered with Arabic numbers. The legend shall be placed on the top of the tables. Tables should be open in the right and left laterals. 2.1.5 Footnotes should be indicated by asterisks and restricted to the least amount possible. As próximas três lâminas são tomadas a partir do Journal of Applied Oral Science. As instruções indicar simplesmente que. "A legenda deve ser colocada na parte superior dos quadros". O exemplo escolhido foi a única figura referenciada na secção Resultados. Nem a legenda não o texto explicar o que a figura é suposto mostrar.

Results section A total of 60 direct speech sessions were completed during the 3 phases of the program. The assessment procedures described above were performed before and after the intensive speech therapy and bulb reduction program. As presented and described in Figure 7 all speech alterations present before the interventions were absent after the program (Figure 7).

Figure 7

Journal of Voice Legends to figures should be brief, specific, and explanatory. They should not unduly repeat information already given in the text

Este exemplo é melhor, mas a figura ainda não tem título.

PLoS Medicine Figure Legends
The aim of the figure legend should be to describe the key messages of the figure, but the figure should also be discussed in the text. An enlarged version of the figure and its full legend will often be viewed in a separate window online, and it should be possible for a reader to understand the figure without switching back and forth between this window and the relevant parts of the text. Each legend should have a concise title of no more than 15 words. The legend itself should be succinct, while still explaining all symbols and abbreviations. Avoid lengthy descriptions of methods.

Acho que o que esta breve pesquisa mostra é que as revistas que passaram com sucesso a uma forma totalmente digital de apresentação de continuar a investir em recursos que tornam seu conteúdo mais acessível e de fácil leitura, enquanto que aqueles com menos recursos não.

Alternatives: PLOS ONE
PLOS ONE is a journal that publishes reports of original research from all disciplines within science and medicine. PLOS ONE will rigorously peer-review manuscripts and will publish all papers that are technically sound. Judgments about the importance of any particular paper are made after publication by the readership, I,e, citations, article downloads. PLoS ONE é um jornal que publica relatórios de pesquisa original de todas as disciplinas dentro da ciência e da medicina. PLoS ONE reverá manuscritos rigorosamente e publicará todos os artigos que são tecnicamente sólida. Julgamentos sobre a importância de qualquer artigo especial são feitas após a publicação pelo número de leitores, citações, ou artigos downloads. 17 June 2013 Ganesha Associates

Os autores que submetem manuscritos para periódicos Elsevier pode pedir para que seus artigos são reconsiderados por outras revistas da Elsevier deveriam ser ejetado por sua primeira escolha da revista.

Competências Básicas de Investigação Científica e de Publicação

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