1. Uppers, Downers and All Arounders
Chapter 6
All Arounders

2. General History Psychedelic Plants and fungi
More than 4000 plants have psychedelic properties
Hundreds of primitive tribes have used psychedelics fro thousands of years
Other than marijuana, psychedelics continued to be popular among youth

3. General
All arounders usually act as stimulants and occasionally depressants, but mostly psychedelics
Creates illusions, delusions and hallucinations
Five main Classifications:
Indole psychedelics
LSD, psilocybin mushrooms
Phenylalkyamines
Peyote, MDMA (ecstasy),
Anticholingernics (belladonna, datura)
Ketamine, PCP
Cannabinoids (cannabis, marijuana)

4. General Effects are dependant on: Physical and mental effects
Amount ingested
Experience with the drug
Basic emotional makeup of user
Mood and mental state at the time of use
Preexisting mental illnesses
Surroundings in which the drug is taken
Physical and mental effects
Stimulate the sympathic nervous system
Causing rise in blood pressure and pulse rate
Can trigger sweating, palpitations or nausea

5. General Physical and mental effects (continued)
Interferes with dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, anandamine, alpha psychoism, and especially serotonin
Stimulation of brain stem causes overload on sensory pathways making user acutely aware of all sensation
Disruption of visual and audio centers can confuse perception

6. General Illusions, delusions and hallucinations
Illusions: mistaken perception of an external stimulus
Delusions; mistaken idea that is not swayed by reason or other powerful evidence
Hallucination: sensory experience that does not come from external stimuli
Illusions and delusions are primary experiences with LSD & most psychedelics
Hallucinations are primary with mescaline, psilocybin and PCP

7. Indole Psychedelics LSD
Synthesized form of the ergot fungus that infects rye and other grasses
Responsible for thousands of deaths throughout the centuries, especially in Europe
Two types of ergot fungus
Gangrenous ergotism (St Anthony’s Fire)
Marked by fever, hallucinations and rotting away of gangrenous extremities of the body
Convulsive ergotism
Marked by visual and auditory hallucinations, vomiting, diarrhea & convulsions

8. Indole Psychedelics LSD first extracted by Dr. Albert Hoffman (1938)
1950’s LSD used for therapy for mental illness and alcoholism
1960’s LSD-25 popularized by Harvard psychologists, Timmothy Leary and Richard Alpert
1966 LSD made legal
1970 LSD is made a Schedule I drug
1974, LSD considered having no therapeutic value

10. Indole Psychedelics- LSD
Manufacturing of LSD is primarily done in Northern California
Production involves use of volatile chemicals
Crystalline LSD is dissolved in alcohol and drops of the solution placed on blotter paper
Doses as low as 25 micrograms can cause mental changes
Usual doses are micrograms
Effects appear 15 minutes to 1 hour after ingestion
Lasts 6-8 hours

11. Indole Psychedelics- LSD
Tolerance develops rapidly to psychedelic effects
Lost rapidly after cessation, usually a few days
Withdrawal is usually more mental and emotional
Physical effects
Rise in heart rate and blood pressure
Higher body temperature
Dizziness
Dilated pupils
Sweating
User sees light trails

12. Indole Psychedelics- LSD
Mental Effects
Overloads brainstem causing sensory distortions (seeing sounds, feeling smells, or hearing colors
Dreaminess
Depersonalization
Altered mood
Impaired concentration
Greatest dangers is loss of judgement & impaired reasoning
Bad Trips (acute anxiety reactions)
Affects the emotional center of the brain
Subject to extremes of euphoria and panic

13. Indole Psychedelics- LSD
Mental Illness
Proponents believe that LSD will afford the user a short cut to uncovering trauma
Opponents say LSD is dangerous and can trigger psychotic episodes
LSD can aggravate a preexisting mental illness
Dependence
Does not produce compulsive use
Effects of LSD tend to diminish with continued use

15. Indole Psychedelics-”Magic Mushrooms”
Psilocybin and psilocin are active ingredients in mushrooms found in U.S., Mexico, South America, South Asia and Europe
Especially important for Indian cultures of mexico and in pre-Colombian Americas
Used in ceremonies, dating back to 1000 B.C.
Contained in 75 species of mushroom
Chemical structure is similar to LSD

16. Indole Psychedelics-”Magic Mushrooms”
Most mushrooms containing psilocybin cause nausea
Psychedelic effects include
Visceral (primal) sensations
Changes in sight, taste, hearing and touch
Altered states of consciousness
Major danger is mistaking poisonous mushrooms for those containing psilocybin

17. Other Indole Psychedelics
Ibogaine
Long lasting psychedelic in high doses and stimulant in lose doses
Used in Native cultures in Western and Central Africa
Research into use to treat heroin and cocaine addiction
DMT (dimethyltryptamine)
Similar to psilocin
South American tribes used for over 400 years as snuff
Blow into the noses through hollow reed for ceremony
Can be made in basement labs
Causes intense visual hallucinations
Lasts minutes
Nickname is “businessman’s special”

18. Other Indole Psychedelics
Morning Glory Seeds (ololiuqui) Hawaiian Wood Rose Seeds)
Contains a LSD-like substance (1/10 potency of LSD)
Sold commercially, but dipped in toxic substance to prevent misuse
Foxy (5-methoxy-N-N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-Me-DIPT) & AMT (alphamethyltryptamine)
Appeared in early 2000s, but not listed as scheduled drugs
People have been prosecuted under Federal Drug analogue statue
Effects include hallucinations, euphoria, empathy, visual and auditory disturbances (illusions) and emotional distress
Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea
Yage
Amazonian vine
Causes intense vomiting and diarrhea
Dreamlike state lasting up to 10 hours

20. Peyote, MDMA and Other Phenylalkylamine Psychedelics
Peyote (mescaline)
Mescaline is the active component of the peyote cactus
Used by native Americans in ceremony
1990, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that use of peyote not protected by Constitution and states can ban it
Effects
Derived from tops of peyote cactus cut at ground level
Lasts approx. 12 hours
Similar to LSD with emphasis on colorful visions

21. Psycho-Stimulants MDMA (ecstacy, rave, “XTX,” “X”, “Adam,” & “E”
Shorter acting than MDA (4-6 vs hours)
Can be snorted, swallowed or injected
Usually sold in capsules, tablets or powder
Taken at raves
First discovered in 1914, but not until 1969 was a study first published
Recommended use was for patients with repressed memories
2002 about 7.2% of high school seniors used MDMA
Capsule or tablet cost $10 – $35
DEA report found that % of tablets sold at raves had no MDMA, but contained other drugs, including amphetamines, PCP or MDA

22. MDMA MDMA has effects similar to amphetamines
Tightness of muscles, Muscle spasms, Clenching of teeth just before psychic effects begin to appear
Tolerance is rapid
Physical side effects include:
High body temperature
High blood pressure
Seizures

23. MDMA Emotional Side Effects Feelings of hapiness Clarity Peace
Pleasure
Altered perceptions without depersonalization
Nonsexual empathy for others
First few hours ecstasy forces nerve cells to release their reservoirs of serotonin into the synaptic gap, depleting vesicles in 3hours
Takes up to a week or more to produce a sufficient amount of serotonin
Excessive stimulation cause serotonin receptors to retreat causing severe depression and suicidal ideation
High-dose can result in acute anxiety

24. Belladonna, Henbane, Mandrake & Datura
Used in ancient times through Middle Ages and Renaissance
Plants contain scopolamine, hyoscyamine and atropine
Used in magic ceremonies, sorcery, witchcraft and religious rituals
Used as poison
To mimic insanity
Beauty aid for women to dialate pupils and make the eyes more stricking
Speeds heart rate, creates intense thirst and raises body temperatures to dangerous levels

25. Belladonna, Henbane, Mandrake & Datura
Creates some hallucinations
Separation from reality
Deep sleep for 48 hours
Synthetic anticholingergics like Cogentin and Artane are used to treat side effects of antipsychotic drugs
Also used to treat Parkinson’s Disease
Derived from legal sources then abused

26. Ketamine
Disassociative general anesthetic used in human and veterinary medical procedures
Very similar to PCP
Shares the same receptor site as PCP, although both have different duration of action
Ketamine is shorter than PCP
Can be crystalized by microwave from medical and dental supplies then smoked in cocaine freebase pipe or ground and snorted
Full psychedelic experience includes:
Out-of-body or near-death experience with depersonalization
Hallucinations
Delirium
Bizarre or mystical experiences

27. Ketamine Toxic Side Effects include Respiratory depression
Increased heart rate and blood presure
Belligerent Behavior
Convulsions
Coma
Major effects lasts one hour or less
Classified as a Schedule III drug

28. PCP “Angel Dust,” “Peep,” “KJ” “Shermans,” “Ozone”
Originally produced as an anesthetic for humans
Only supplies now are illegal ones
Can be snorted, swallowed, smoked or injected
Acts like ketamine, only lasts longer
Low dose last 1-2 hours
Moderate dose 4-6 hours
High dose last up to 48 hours
High frequency of bad trips as well as blackouts

29. Marijuana and Other Cannabinols
Exsited for over 10,000 years
Origin in China and Asian, then spread to almost every country
2001 more than 12 million Americans were using marijuana on a monthly basis, with an average of 18 joints
110,000 emergency room visits
39% of adult males and 26% of adult females arrested had marijuana in their systems
53% of juvenile males and 38% female juveniles arrested had marijuana in their systems

31. Marijuana and Other Cannabinols
Sinsemillia growing technique increase the potency of marijuana plant
Rolled in joints or smoked in pipes
Can be eaten or cooked in foods
Sticky resin pressed into cakes are called “hashish”
Extracted from plant using solvents
Majority of marijuana comes from Mexico and Colombia
People in U.S. grow their own with risk of legal consequences

33. Marijuana and Other Cannabinols
420 chemicals in marijuana plant
Psychoactive agent is Delta9 Tetrahydrocannabinol or THC
THC concentration increased from 1-3% in 1960s to 4-15% since then
1990 researchers found receptor sites in brain specifically reactive to marijuana
Marijuana has relative few receptor sites to attach to in the autonomic nervous system so difficult to overdose

35. Marijuana and Other Cannabinols
Short-term Effects
Physical relation
Sedation
Some pain control
Bloodshot eyes
Coughing from lung irritation
Increase in appetite
Increased heart rate
Increased blood flow through mucous membranes of the eye
Decreased nausea
Can act as both a stimulant and depressant depending on variety, the amount absorbed in brain and setting in which it is used and personality of person
Causes disruption of the secretion of male hormone testosterone

37. Marijuana and Other Cannabinols
Mental Effects
Within a few minutes a user becomes confused
Mentally separated from environment
Produces a feeling of déjà vu
Aloof feeling
Drowsiness
Difficulty concentrating
Produces giddiness
Increased alertness
Major distortions of time, color and sound
Exaggerates mood and personality
Makes smokers empathic to other’s feelings
Can impair judgement

38. Marijuana and Other Cannabinols
Long-term effects
Respiratory problems
Acute and chronic brochitis
Destroys cilia in breathing passages
Cellular changes in cell nucleus
Precursor to cancer
Immune System
Heavy use can depress immune system and increase risk of disease and infection
Learning and Emotional Maturation
Slow learning and disrupt concentration on short-term memory
Thoughts and feelings internalized
Acute mental Effects
Can cause anxiety or temporary psychotic reactions
Can cause paranoia or have effects similar to cocaine or amphetamine or PCP

39. Marijuana and Other Cannabinols
Tolerance
Occurs in rapid and dramatic fashion
Persists in body for up to 3 months though effects lasts 3-6 hours after smoking
Withdrawal (Not everyone experiences)
No rapid onset of withdrawal since much is retained in the brain
Anger
Pains
Chills
Inability to concentrate
Depression
Sleep disturbances
Decreased appetite
Sweating
And craving

40. Marijuana and Other Cannabinols
1994 anatagonist receptor discovered and blocked in an experiment which caused animals to go into major withdrawals
Chronic smokers have difficulty quiting
Has the ability to induce compulsive use
Gateway drug through associating with others who smoke and use other illicit drugs
Most widely used illicit drug D

41. Marijuana and Other Cannabinols
Impairs Driving due to effects of drowsiness and impaired judgement
Limited data on amount of THC in body
Many arrested for DUI had marijuana too
65% of heavy drinkers smoke marijuana

42. Marijuana and Other Cannabinols
Medical use
Treat insomnia
Calm anxiety
Control headaches
Childbirth inducer
Control asthma
Treat withdrawal from opiates
Control spasms
Increase appetite
Recommended for glacoma
Nausea control
Marinol: legal synthetic oral form of THC but rarely prescribed