1. Financial Accounting, Sixth Edition5
MERCHANDISING OPERATIONS AND THE MULTIPLE-STEP INCOME STATEMENT
Financial Accounting, Sixth Edition

2. Study Objectives
Identify the differences between a service company and a merchandising company.
Explain the recording of purchases under a perpetual inventory system.
Explain the recording of sales revenues under a perpetual inventory system.
Distinguish between a single-step and a multiple-step income statement.
Determine cost of goods sold under a periodic system.
Explain the factors affecting profitability.

3. Merchandising Operations
Merchandising Companies
Buy and Sell Goods
Wholesaler
Retailer
Consumer
The primary source of revenues is referred to as sales revenue or sales.
SO 1 Identify the differences between service and merchandising companies.

4. Merchandising Operations
Income Measurement
Sales
Revenue
Not used in a Service business.
Less
Illustration 5-1
Income measurement process for a merchandising company
Cost of
Goods Sold
Gross
Profit
Equals
Less
Net
Income
(Loss)
Operating
Expenses
Equals
Cost of goods sold is the total cost of merchandise sold during the period.
SO 1 Identify the differences between service and merchandising companies.

5. Merchandising Operations
Illustration 5-2
Operating Cycles
The operating cycle of a merchandising company ordinarily is longer than that of a service company.
SO 1 Identify the differences between service and merchandising companies.

6. Merchandising Operations
Flow of Costs
Illustration 5-3
Companies use either a perpetual inventory system or a periodic inventory system to account for inventory.
SO 1 Identify the differences between service and merchandising companies.

7. Merchandising Operations
Flow of Costs
Perpetual System
Maintain detailed records of the cost of each inventory purchase and sale.
Records continuously show inventory that should be on hand.
Company determines cost of goods sold each time a sale occurs.
SO 1 Identify the differences between service and merchandising companies.

8. Merchandising Operations
Flow of Costs
Periodic System
Do not keep detailed records of the goods on hand.
Cost of goods sold determined by count at the end of the accounting period.
Calculation of Cost of Goods Sold:
Beginning inventory $ 100,000
Add: Purchases, net 800,000
Goods available for sale 900,000
Less: Ending inventory 125,000
Cost of goods sold $ 775,000
SO 1

9. Merchandising Operations
Flow of Costs
Additional Consideration
Perpetual System:
Traditionally used for merchandise with high unit values.
Provides better control over inventories.
Requires additional clerical work and additional cost to maintain inventory records.
Easier now with bar codes and inexpensive software.
SO 1 Identify the differences between service and merchandising companies.

10. Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Made either cash or credit (on account).
Illustration 5-5
Normally recorded when goods are received.
Purchase invoice should support each credit purchase.
SO 2 Explain the recording of purchases under a perpetual inventory system.

11. Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Illustration 5-5
Illustration: Sauk Stereo (the buyer) uses as a purchase invoice the sales invoice prepared by PW Audio Supply, Inc. (the seller). Prepare the journal entry for Sauk Stereo for the invoice from PW Audio Supply.
May 4
Inventory 3,800
Accounts payable 3,800
SO 2 Explain the recording of purchases under a perpetual inventory system.

12. Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Freight Costs – Terms of Sale
Illustration 5-6 Shipping terms
Ownership of the goods passes to the buyer when the public carrier accepts the goods from the seller.
Ownership of the goods remains with the seller until the goods reach the buyer.
Freight costs incurred by the seller are an operating expense.

13. Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Illustration: Assume upon delivery of the goods on May 6, Sauk Stereo pays Haul-It Freight Company $150 for freight charges, the entry on Sauk Stereo’s books is:
May 6
Inventory 150
Cash
Assume the freight terms on the invoice in Illustration 5-5 had required PW Audio Supply to pay the freight charges, the entry by PW Audio Supply would have been:
May 4
Freight-out 150
Cash
SO 2 Explain the recording of purchases under a perpetual inventory system.

14. Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Purchase Returns and Allowances
Purchaser may be dissatisfied because goods are damaged or defective, of inferior quality, or do not meet specifications.
Purchase Return
Purchase Allowance
Return goods for credit if the sale was made on credit, or for a cash refund if the purchase was for cash.
May choose to keep the merchandise if the seller will grant an allowance (deduction) from the purchase price.
SO 2 Explain the recording of purchases under a perpetual inventory system.

15. Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Illustration: Assume that on May 8 Sauk Stereo returned to PW Audio Supply goods costing $300.
May 8
Accounts payable 300
Inventory 300
SO 2 Explain the recording of purchases under a perpetual inventory system.

16. Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Purchase Discounts
Credit terms may permit buyer to claim a cash discount for prompt payment.
Advantages:
Purchaser saves money.
Seller shortens the operating cycle.
Example: Credit terms may read 2/10, n/30. 2% cash discount offered if payment is made within 10 days of invoice date; otherwise full (net) amount is due within 30 days.
SO 2 Explain the recording of purchases under a perpetual inventory system.

17. Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Illustration: Assume Sauk Stereo pays the balance due of $3,500 (gross invoice price of $3,800 less purchase returns and allowances of $300) on May 14, the last day of the discount period. Prepare the journal entry Sauk Stereo makes to record its May 14 payment.
May 14
Accounts payable 3,500
Inventory 70
Cash ,430
(Discount = $3,500 x 2% = $70)
SO 2 Explain the recording of purchases under a perpetual inventory system.

18. Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Illustration: If Sauk Stereo failed to take the discount, and instead made full payment of $3,500 on June 3, the journal entry would be:
June 3
Accounts payable 3,500
Cash 3,500
SO 2 Explain the recording of purchases under a perpetual inventory system.

19. Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Purchase Discounts
Should discounts be taken when offered?
Example: 2% for 20 days = Annual rate of 36.5%
(365/20 = twenty-day periods x 2% = 36.5%)
SO 2 Explain the recording of purchases under a perpetual inventory system.

20. Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Summary of Purchasing Transactions
4th - Purchase
$3,500
$300
8th - Return
6th – Freight-in
150 70
14th - Discount
Balance
$3,280
SO 2 Explain the recording of purchases under a perpetual inventory system.

21. Recording Sales of Merchandise
Made using cash or credit (on account).
Illustration 5-5
Normally recorded when earned, usually when goods transfer from seller to buyer.
Sales invoice should support each credit sale.
SO 3 Explain the recording of sales revenues under a perpetual inventory system.

22. Recording Sales of Merchandise
Journal Entries to Record a Sale #1
Cash or Accounts receivable XXX
Selling Price
Sales revenue XXX #2
Cost of goods sold YYY
Cost
Inventory YYY
SO 3 Explain the recording of sales revenues under a perpetual inventory system.

23. Recording Sales of Merchandise
Illustration: Assume PW Audio Supply records its May 4 sale of $3,800 to Sauk Stereo on account (Illustration 5-5) as follows. Assume the merchandise cost PW Audio Supply $2,400.
May 4
Accounts receivable 3,800
Sales revenue 3,800 4
Cost of goods sold 2,400
Inventory 2,400
SO 3 Explain the recording of sales revenues under a perpetual inventory system.

24. Recording Sales of Merchandise
Sales Returns and Allowances
“Flipside” of purchase returns and allowances.
Contra-revenue account (debit).
Sales not reduced (debited) because:
Would obscure importance of sales returns and allowances as a percentage of sales.
Could distort comparisons.
SO 3 Explain the recording of sales revenues under a perpetual inventory system.

25. Recording Sales of Merchandise
Illustration: Prepare the entry PW Audio Supply would make to record the credit for returned goods that had a $300 selling price (assume a $140 cost). Assume the goods were not defective.
May 8
Sales returns and allowances 300
Accounts receivable 300 8
Inventory 140
Cost of goods sold 140
SO 3 Explain the recording of sales revenues under a perpetual inventory system.

26. Recording Sales of Merchandise
Illustration: Assume the returned goods were defective and had a scrap value of $50, PW Audio would make the following entries:
May 8
Sales returns and allowances 300
Accounts receivable 300 8
Inventory 50
Cost of goods sold 50
SO 3 Explain the recording of sales revenues under a perpetual inventory system.

27. Recording Sales of Merchandise
Sales Discount
Offered to customers to promote prompt payment.
“Flipside” of purchase discount.
Contra-revenue account (debit).
SO 3 Explain the recording of sales revenues under a perpetual inventory system.

28. Recording Sales of Merchandise
Illustration: Assume Sauk Stereo pays the balance due of $3,500 (gross invoice price of $3,800 less purchase returns and allowances of $300) on May 14, the last day of the discount period. Prepare the journal entry PW Audio Supply makes to record the receipt on May 14.
May 14
Cash 3,430 *
Sales discounts 70
Accounts receivable 3,500
* [($3,800 – $300) X 98%]
SO 3 Explain the recording of sales revenues under a perpetual inventory system.

29. Income Statement Presentation
Single-Step Income Statement
Subtract total expenses from total revenues
Two reasons for using the single-step format:
Conceptually the company does not realize any type of profit until total revenues exceed total expenses.
Format is simpler and easier to read.
SO 4 Distinguish between a single-step and a multiple-step income statement.

30. Income Statement Presentation
Single-Step
Income Statement Presentation
Illustration 5-7
SO 4

31. Income Statement Presentation
Multiple-Step Income Statement
Highlights the components of net income.
Three important line items:
gross profit,
income from operations, and
net income.
SO 4 Distinguish between a single-step and a multiple-step income statement.

32. Income Statement Presentation
Multiple-Step
Income Statement Presentation
Illustration 5-8
Key Line Items
SO 4

33. Income Statement Presentation
Sales Revenues
Illustration 5-9
SO 4 Distinguish between a single-step and a multiple-step income statement.

34. Income Statement Presentation
Gross Profit
Illustration 5-11
Comparisons with past amounts and rates and with those in the industry indicate the effectiveness of a company’s purchasing and pricing policies.
SO 4 Distinguish between a single-step and a multiple-step income statement.

35. Income Statement Presentation
Operating Expenses
Illustration 5-11

36. Income Statement Presentation
Nonoperating Activities
Various revenues and expenses and gains and losses that are unrelated to the company’s main line of operations.
Illustration 5-10
SO 4 Distinguish between a single-step and a multiple-step income statement.

37. Income Statement Presentation
Illustration 5-11

38. Income Statement Presentation
Determining Cost of Goods Sold Under a Periodic System
No running account of changes in inventory.
Ending inventory determined by physical count.
Cost of goods sold not determined until the end of the period.
SO 5 Determine cost of goods sold under a periodic system.

39. Income Statement Presentation
Determining Cost of Goods Sold Under a Periodic System
Illustration 5-13
Cost of goods sold for a merchandiser using a
periodic inventory system
SO 5

40. Evaluating Profitability
Gross Profit Rate
May be expressed as a percentage by dividing the amount of gross profit by net sales.
A decline in the gross profit rate might have several causes.
Selling products with a lower “markup.”
Increased competition may result in a lower selling price.
Company forced to pay higher prices to its suppliers without being able to pass these costs on to its customers.
SO 6 Explain the factors affecting profitability.

41. Evaluating Profitability
Gross Profit Rate
Illustration 5-15
Why does Wal-Mart have a lower gross profit rate than Target and the industry average?
SO 6 Explain the factors affecting profitability.

42. Evaluating Profitability
Profit Margin Ratio
Measures the percentage of each dollar of sales that results in net income.
How do the gross profit rate and profit margin ratio differ?
Gross profit rate - measures the margin by which selling price exceeds cost of goods sold.
Profit margin ratio - measures the extent by which selling price covers all expenses (including cost of goods sold).
SO 6 Explain the factors affecting profitability.

43. Evaluating Profitability
Profit Margin Ratio
Illustration 5-17
How does Wal-Mart compare to its competitors?
Keep in mind that an increasing percentage of Wal-Mart’s sales is from low-margin groceries.
SO 6 Explain the factors affecting profitability.