1. Path Vector Routing NETE0514 Presented by Dr.Apichan Kanjanavapastit

2. 3b 1d 3a 1c 2a AS3 AS1 AS2 1a 2c 2b 1b Intra-AS Routing algorithm Inter-AS Routing algorithm Forwarding table 3c Interconnected ASes forwarding table configured by both intra- and inter-AS routing algorithm –intra-AS sets entries for internal dests –inter-AS & Intra-As sets entries for external dests

3. 3b 1d 3a 1c 2a AS3 AS1 AS2 1a 2c 2b 1b 3c Inter-AS tasks suppose router in AS1 receives datagram dest outside of AS1 –router should forward packet to gateway router, but which one? AS1 must: 1.learn which dests reachable through AS2, which through AS3 2.propagate this reachability info to all routers in AS1 Job of inter-AS routing!

4. Example: Setting forwarding table in router 1d suppose AS1 learns (via inter-AS protocol) that subnet x reachable via AS3 (gateway 1c) but not via AS2. inter-AS protocol propagates reachability info to all internal routers. router 1d determines from intra-AS routing info that its interface I is on the least cost path to 1c. –installs forwarding table entry (x,I) 3b 1d 3a 1c 2a AS3 AS1 AS2 1a 2c 2b 1b 3c x …

5. Example: Choosing among multiple ASes now suppose AS1 learns from inter-AS protocol that subnet x is reachable from AS3 and from AS2. to configure forwarding table, router 1d must determine towards which gateway it should forward packets for dest x. –this is also job of inter-AS routing protocol! 3b 1d 3a 1c 2a AS3 AS1 AS2 1a 2c 2b 1b 3c x … …

6. Learn from inter-AS protocol that subnet x is reachable via multiple gateways Use routing info from intra-AS protocol to determine costs of least-cost paths to each of the gateways Hot potato routing: Choose the gateway that has the smallest least cost Determine from forwarding table the interface I that leads to least-cost gateway. Enter (x,I) in forwarding table Example: Choosing among multiple ASes now suppose AS1 learns from inter-AS protocol that subnet x is reachable from AS3 and from AS2. to configure forwarding table, router 1d must determine towards which gateway it should forward packets for dest x. –this is also job of inter-AS routing protocol! hot potato routing: send packet towards closest of two routers.

7. Why different Intra- and Inter-AS routing ? Policy: Inter-AS: admin wants control over how its traffic routed, who routes through its net. Intra-AS: single admin, so no policy decisions needed Scale: hierarchical routing saves table size, reduced update traffic Performance: Intra-AS: can focus on performance Inter-AS: policy may dominate over performance

8. Why path vector routing is needed? Distance vector routing is subject to instability if there is more than a few hops in the domain of operation Link state routing needs a huge amount of resources to calculate routing tables. It also creates heavy traffic because of flooding There is a need for a third protocol which we call path vector routing

9. Path Vector Routing The principle of path vector routing is similar to distance vector routing In path vector routing, we assume that there is one node (in practice there can be more) in each autonomous system that acts on behalf of the entire autonomous system. Let us call it the speaker node The speaker node in an AS creates a routing table and advertises it to speaker nodes in the neighboring Ass A speaker node advertises the path, not the metric of the nodes, in its AS or other ASs

10. Initialization At the beginning, each speaker node can know only the reachability of nodes inside its autonomous system

11. Sharing A speaker in an AS shares its table with immediate neighbors

12. Updating When a speaker node receives information from a neighbor, it updates its own table by adding the nodes that are not in its routing table and adding its own AS and the AS that sent the table After a while each speaker has a table and knows how to reach each node in other ASs

13. Loop Prevention The instability of distance vector routing and the creation of loops can be avoided in path vector routing When a router receives a message, it checks to see if its AS is in the path list to the destination If it is, looping is involved and the message is ignored

14. Aggregation The path vector routing protocols normally support CIDR notation and the aggregation of addresses Note that a range may also include a block that may not be in the corresponding AS However, if this network exists in some other Ass, it eventually becomes part of the routing table due to the longest prefix principle

15. Policy Routing Policy routing can be easily implemented through path vector routing When a router receives a message, it can check the path If one of the AS listed in the path is against its policy, it can ignore that path and that destination It does not update its routing table with this path, and it does not send this message to its neighbors

16. Optimum Path We definitely cannot include metrics in a route because each AS that is included in the path may use a different criteria for the metric One system may use, internally, RIP, which defines hop count as the metric; another may use OSPF with minimum delay defined as the metric The optimum path is the path that fits the organization In the example figure, each AS may have more than one path to a destination. For the table, we chose the one that had the smaller number of Ass, but this is not always the case Other criteria such as security and safety, and reliability can also be applied

17. Internet inter-AS routing: BGP BGP (Border Gateway Protocol): the de facto standard BGP provides each AS a means to: 1.Obtain subnet reachability information from neighboring ASs. 2.Propagate reachability information to all AS-internal routers. 3.Determine “good” routes to subnets based on reachability information and policy. allows subnet to advertise its existence to rest of Internet: “I am here”

18. Types of Autonomous Systems Stub AS. A stub AS has only one connection to another AS Multihomed AS. A multihomed AS has more than one connection to other ASs, but it is still only a source or sink for data traffic. It can send/receive data traffic from more than one AS, but there is no transient traffic Transit AS. A transit AS is a multihomed AS that also allows transient traffic

19. BGP Sessions The exchange of routing information between 2 routers using BGP takes place in a session A session is a connection that is established between 2 BGP routers only for the sake of exchange routing information The create a reliable environment, BGP uses the service of TCP. In other words, a session at the BGP level, as an application program, is a connection at the TCP level

20. BGP Sessions (cont.) When a TCP connection is created for BGP, it can last for a long time, until something unusual happens. For this reason, BGP sessions are sometimes referred to as semi-permanent connections BGP uses the services of TCP on port 179. Note:

21. External and Internal BGP BGP can have 2 types of session: external BGP (E- BGP) and internal BGP (I-BGP) sessions The E-BGP session is used to exchange information between 2 speaker nodes belonging to 2 different Ass The I-BGP session is used to exchange routing information between 2 routers inside an AS

22. Distributing reachability info using eBGP session between 3a and 1c, AS3 sends prefix reachability info to AS1. –1c can then use iBGP do distribute new prefix info to all routers in AS1 –1b can then re-advertise new reachability info to AS2 over 1b-to-2a eBGP session when router learns of new prefix, creates entry for prefix in its forwarding table. 3b 1d 3a 1c 2a AS3 AS1 AS2 1a 2c 2b 1b 3c eBGP session iBGP session

23. Path Attributes The path presents in a list of ASs in the previous example, in fact, it is a list of attributes Each attribute gives some information about the path. The list of attributes helps the receiving router make a better decision when applying its policy Attributes are divided into 2 broad categories: well-known and optional. A well known attribute is one that every BGP router must recognize. An optional attributes is one that needs not be recognized by every router

24. Path Attributes (cont.) Well-known attributes are themselves divided into 2 categories: mandatory and discretionary A well-known mandatory attribute is one that must appear in the description of a route A well-known discretionary attribute is one that must be recognized by each router, but is not required to be included in every update message Two important attributes: –AS-PATH: contains ASs through which prefix advertisement has passed –NEXT-HOP: is the router interface that begins the AS-PATH

25. Why AS-PATH is needed? AS1 and AS2 are connected by 2 peering links. A router in AS1 could learn about 2 different routes to the same prefix x. These 2 routes could have the same AS-PATH to x, but could have different NEXT-HOP values corresponding to the different peering link. Using the AS-PATH values and the intra-AS routing algorithm, the router can determine the cost of the path to each peering link, and then apply hot potato routing to determine the appropriate interface

27. BGP route selection router may learn about more than 1 route to some prefix. Router must select route. elimination rules: 1.local preference value attribute: policy decision 2.shortest AS-PATH 3.closest NEXT-HOP router: hot potato routing 4.additional criteria

28. BGP routing policy A,B,C are provider networks X,W,Y are customer (of provider networks) X is dual-homed: attached to two networks –X does not want to route from B via X to C –.. so X will not advertise to B a route to C A B C W X Y legend : customer network: provider network

29. BGP routing policy (2) A advertises path AW to B B advertises path BAW to X Should B advertise path BAW to C? –No way! B gets no “revenue” for routing CBAW since neither W nor C are B’s customers –B wants to force C to route to w via A –B wants to route only to/from its customers! A B C W X Y legend : customer network: provider network

30. Types of Packets BGP uses 4 different type of messages: open, update, keepalive, and notification –OPEN: opens TCP connection to peer and authenticates sender –UPDATE: advertises new path (or withdraws old) –KEEPALIVE keeps connection alive in absence of UPDATES; also ACKs OPEN request –NOTIFICATION: reports errors in previous msg; also used to close connection

31. Packet Format All BGP packets share the same common header. The fields of this header are as follows: –Marker. The 16-byte marker field is reserved for authentication –Length. The 2-byte field defines the length of the total message including the header –Type. This 1-byte field defines the type of the packet

32. Open Message To create a neighborhood relationship, a router running BGP opens a TCP connection with a neighbor and sends an open message If the neighbor accepts the neighborhood relationship, it responds with a keepalive message, which means that a relationship has been established between the 2 routers

33. Open Message (cont.) My autonomous system. This defines the AS number Hold time. This defines the maximum number of seconds that can elapse until one of the parties receives a keepalive or update message from the other. If a router does not receive one of these message during the hold time period, it considers the other party dead BGP identifiers. This defines the IP address of the router that sends the open message

34. Update Message The update message is the heart of the BGP protocol. It is used by a router to withdraw destination that have been advertised previously, announce a route to a new destination, or both

35. Update Message (cont.) The update message fields are listed below: –Unfeasible routes length. This defines the length of the next field –Withdrawn routes. This fields lists all the routes that must be deleted from the previously advertised list –Path attributes length. This defines the length of the next field –Path attributes. This defines the attributes of the path to the network whose reachability is being announced in this message –Network layer reachability information (NLRI). This defines the network that is actually advertised by this message

36. Keepalive Message The routers (called peers in BGP parlance) running the BGP protocols exchnage keepalive messages regularly (before their hold time expires) to tell each other that they are alive

37. Notification Message A notification message is sent by a router whenever an error condition is detected or a router wants to close the connection

38. Notification Message (cont.) The fields making up the notification message follow: –Error code, Error subcode, and error data