1. Literature LIS413Brendan Rapple Simmons College19 July, 2005

2. Literature Imaginative works having some claim to artistic value, e.g.: poetry; legends and folk tales; drama; short stories; novels. Certain non-fictional works of high artistic quality: Literary nonfiction may include almost any writing except the strictly technical. Don’t Forget Oral Literature!

3. Elements of Literature Content Form

4. Literary Forms Allegory Fiction Ode Ballad History Parody Biography Idyll Poetry Comedy Letters in Literature Saga Diary Satire Dime Novel Lyric Science Fiction Drama Masque Elegy Miracle Play Short Story Epic Mystery Story Sonnet Essay Tragedy

5. What is English? Is English the language or does it pertain to the country?

6. Fashions in Curricula and Teaching Often Change Quite Drastically “Not so long ago the ‘literature’ profession was organized almost everywhere around the close reading of a stable, determinate set of masterworks. While the faculties and curricula of many college/university depts. continue to reflect this older consensus and while traditional scholarship, though clearly on the wane, continues to be produced, it is increasingly evident that the old paradigm has lost its importance” (Harris).

7. Curricular Changes “Many of the most publicized changes in higher education in the past three decades have been curricular. Critics inside and outside academe have wrung their hands over a variety of course appearances, adjustments, and alleged "disappearings" (the dirty work of "leftist" faculty hit squads). A major thrust of most of these curricular reforms was to acknowledge the historical importance and cultural contributions of groups, doers, and thinkers beyond the limited cast or "canon" of Western white males featured in prevailing texts and syllabi. This, in turn, led to the inclusion of women and other "minorities," an emphasis on conflict and pluralism, a globalization of the curriculum in general, a questioning of the canonical criteria of "greatness," and a rise in cross- and interdisciplinary studies. Simultaneously, an influx of "postmodernist" theory from France and Germany threatened the humanities and social sciences by overturning or seriously challenging virtually all of their traditional ("modernist") assumptions and intellectual procedures. All of these changes posed a major threat to the status quo and induced no little angst in the halls of ivy.” James Axtell. Virginia Quarterly Review (2003)

8. Now Traditional Literature Depts. Have Evolved into Depts. of English Studies With courses and programs in  literary theory  rhetoric and composition  technical writing  creative writing  cultural, TESOL, linguistics, children’s and adolescent literature  language arts  English education  pedagogical theory.

9. Literary Criticism Now Less Eurocentric “Literary criticism now investigates entire ranges of literary production that do not share in Western culture. Critics treat the writings of poets, playwrights, and novelists, from postcolonial regions in the Pacific, Caribbean, and South Africa who use pidgin forms of English and sometimes French to articulate their own social realities and histories. They also give new attention to writings and songs from ‘fourth-world’ peoples, that is, from minorities marginalized in ghettos within first-world cultures.”

10. English Studies/Literary Studies is turning more and more into Cultural Studies

11. Criticism of Cultural Studies “The downside of the equation between cultural studies and literary studies is that, carried to its logical conclusion, cultural studies can dispense with the literary altogether. Studies of consumerism, for example, can be based on the analysis of shopping malls or Home Depot layouts; no literary texts are required. Teen culture can be explored through music, film, and computer games. Current social mores and cultural constraints can be profitably studied by examining Internet discourse. And so on. Everything, after all, can be a text and so why not a golf course? A skating rink? A theme park?” Marjorie Perloff. Crisis in the Humanities Marjorie Perloff. Crisis in the Humanities

12. Literature in Libraries The exact proportions of the two types of material, i.e. primary and secondary lit., are dependent both -- on a particular library's perception of its needs -- on its fiscal abilities to meet them

13. Differences in Collecting Between Public Libraries Academic and Research Libraries (here the acquisition of literary scholarship, i.e. secondary material, is foremost)

14. Materials Commonly used by Literary Scholars Books – scholarly and more popular Periodicals Conference Papers/Proceedings Dissertations/Theses Microforms Media Manuscripts Bibliographies Book reviews Encyclopedias Maps

15. Manuscripts: handwritten, typed, or word-processed texts that precede printed, published texts -- often drafts. Original Editions: first and other eds. (in author’s lifetime) whose form of publication is authorized by author. Subsequent Editions: many types. Scholarly Editions: texts of works that have been determined by editor(s) to have some degree of authority (based on manuscript, original, and subsequent editions). Anthologies Kinds of Texts

16. Electronic Texts Some are quite basic – just the text. Some e-texts are typed, some are scanned. OCR (optical character recognition) is often used. Increasingly PDF is used. Sometimes HTML markup language is used.

17. Added Value to Texts Scholarly essays Biographical materials Annotations Timelines Bibliographies Images Sound Video etc.

18. Hypertext Fiction http://www.sunypress.edu/joyce/hypertext.html Reach, a fiction, The Iowa Review Online, Spring 2000. Reach, a fiction, http://www.uiowa.edu/~iareview/tirweb/hypermedia/michael_joyce/ReachTitle.html

19. Types of Literary Scholarship Descriptive Bibliography Editing Historical Studies Criticism Theory MLA. Introduction to Scholarship in Modern Languages and Literatures (1992)

20. Descriptive Bibliography “Descriptive bibliography may be defined as the close physical description of books and other printed objects: a systematic report concerning their type, paper, printing, illustrations, and binding, and how the circumstances of their publication and distribution may have affected their physical appearance.... The description typically concludes with relevant details of the book's authorship, publication and distribution.” Terry Belanger and Richard Noble http://www.virginia.edu/oldbooks/reading/desbib00.html http://www.virginia.edu/oldbooks/reading/desbib00.html

21. Challenges for Descriptive Bibliography of Digital Texts?

22. Editing Producing “reliable” or “authoritative” versions of a text

23. Historical Studies Major emphasis on primary sources, e.g. manuscripts, first editions. Often a broader range of sources studied, e.g. non “literature” related. Often utilizes special collections.

24. Criticism Particular focus on the creative work itself. Often more stress on Text than Context.

25. Theory Literary theory “is the theory (or the philosophy) of the interpretation of literature and literary criticism. Its history begins with classical Greek poetics and rhetoric and includes, since the 18th century, aesthetics and hermeneutics. In the 20th century, "theory" has become an umbrella term for a variety of scholarly approaches to reading texts, most of which are informed by various strands of Continental philosophy.”theoryphilosophy literatureliterary criticism poeticsrhetoric18th centuryaesthetics hermeneutics20th centuryContinental philosophy “Broad schools of theory that have historically been important include the New Criticism, formalism, Russian formalism, and structuralism, post- structuralism, Marxism, feminism and French feminism, new historicism, deconstruction, reader-response criticism, and psychoanalytic criticism.” New CriticismformalismRussian formalismstructuralismpost- structuralismMarxismfeminismFrench feminismnew historicism deconstructionreader-response criticismpsychoanalytic http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_theory

26. General Bibliographies Short-Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland, and Ireland and of English Books Printed Abroad 1475-1640 (STC) (Pollard & Redgrave) Textbook 1147 Short-Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales and British America, and of English Books Printed in Other Countries 1641-1700 (Wing) Textbook 1148 Together they form major part of the online database Early English Books OnlineEarly English Books Online

27. General Bibliographies Pen is ours: a listing of writings by and about african american women before 1910 with secondary bibliography to the present. (Schomburg Library of Nineteenth-Century Black Women Writers) by Jean Fagan Yellin, Cynthia D. Bond (1991) Textbook 1146

28. Index to Periodical Literature (W. F. Poole) A retrospective subject index to the contents of 479 British and American periodicals between 1802 and 1906 (originally in print) Incorporated into the database Nineteenth Century Masterfile which includes an electronic version of Poole's Index to Periodical Literature and a number of other indexes. Provides indexing to newspapers and journals of the nineteenth century, as well as some government documents.Nineteenth Century Masterfile

29. Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals l824-I900 Identifies authors of articles in the major nineteenth century quarterly and monthly periodicals. (print and CD-ROM) Textbook 1155

30. 20th Century American Humanities Index (1975- ) – Print and Online Textbook 19 Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature (print and Online) - provides comprehensive indexing of the most popular general-interest periodicals published in the United States and reflects the history of 20th century America. Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature Arts and Humanities Citation Index (Web of Science) (print and Online) -- provides access to the bibliographic information and cited references of all items published in more than 1,100 of the world's leading arts and humanities journals. Arts and Humanities Citation Index (Web of Science) Textbook 20

31. Retrospective Bibliographies of English Studies e.g.: The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature (1987) Textbook 1145 5 Volumes. Updates The Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature (CBEL) (four volumes in 1941) A selective bibliography of primary and secondary sources in English literature, from 600 A.D. to 1950. Volumes are divided by time period, and then further subdivided by subject, form, genre, and author. "An indispensable reference source and often the best place for beginning research."

32. Current Bibliographies of English Studies Year's Work in English Studies (192-) Textbook 1156 Annual Bibliography of English Language and Literature (1921-) – Print & Online -- contains over 783,000 records covering monographs, periodical articles, critical editions of literary works, book reviews, collections of essays and doctoral dissertations published anywhere in the world from 1920 onwards. Textbook 1151 Annual Bibliography of English Language and Literature MLA International Bibliography (1921+ Print; 1963+ Online) MLA International Bibliography contains over 1.6 million citations from more than 4,400 periodicals (including peer- reviewed e-journals) and 1,000 book publishers. The coverage is international and is represented by literature from Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and North and South America. While the majority of records are from English-language publications, at least sixty other languages are represented including French, Spanish, German, Russian, Portuguese, Norwegian, and Swedish. Textbook 1060 Literature Online Literature Online (LION) is a fully searchable library of more than 350,000 works of English and American poetry, drama and prose, 150 full-text literature journals, and other key criticism and reference resources.

33. Other Indexes Essay & General Literature Index Access to nearly 65,000 essays contained in some 5,300 anthologies and collections. Each year more than 300 single and multi-author collections are indexed as well as more than 20 selected annuals and serials. Coverage includes all of the humanities and social sciences, including literary works, art history, drama, and film. Online coverage is 1985 to present. 1900 - 1984 is available in print Textbook 23 British Humanities Index BHI indexes over 320 internationally respected humanities journals and weekly magazines published in the UK and other English speaking countries, as well as quality newspapers published in the UK. Play IndexTextbook 837 Short Story Index Textbook 1231 Columbia Granger's Index to Poetry Textbook 1267 International Bibliography of Theatre (1985- ) Textbook 829

34. Primary Bibliographies “Emphasis is on identifying, by means of description of the actual physical pieces, the works that constitute the canon of a period, genre, author, subject, or other limited area. Typical features include facsimiles or transcriptions of the title and copyright pages and substantial details about a work's format pagination, contents, typography, paper, binding, dust jacket, and printing and publishing history, including data about the size of its press run, the price of a copy, and the like. Locations of the copies upon which the descriptions are based may be provided.”

35. Primary Bibliographies Classic Examples: A Bibliography of the English Printed Drama to the Restoration (1939) -- Greg American Bibliography -- Evans W. H. Auden: A Bibliography, 1924-1969 -- Bloombield& Edward Mendelson

36. Bibliography of American Literature Bibliography of American Literature (Jacob Blanck) (9 vols. in print) – provides nearly 40,000 records of the literary works of approximately 300 American writers from the period of the Revolution to 1930. Coverage: 1775- 1930 Textbook 1142

37. Other Primary Bibliographies Lyle Henry Wright's American Fiction, 1774-1850 (rev. ed, 1978) Textbook 1220 Preston M. Yancy’s The Afro-American Short Story: A Comprehensive Annotated Index with Selected Commentaries (1976) Textbook 1219

38. Secondary Bibliographies Scarecrow Press's Scarecrow Author Bibliographies Kent State University Press's The Serif Series: Bibliographies and Checklists Northern Illinois University Press's (and now Garland's) Annotated Secondary Bibliography Series on English Literature in Transition, 1880-1920 Borgo Press's Bibliographies of Modern Authors and many others

39. General Research Guides Examples: Richard D. Altick The Art of Literary Research (1993) 4 th ed. Textbook 1051 James L. Harner. Literary Research Guide: An Annotated Listing of Reference Sources in English Literary Studies (2002) 4 th ed. Dorothea Kehler’s Problems in Literary Research: A Guide to Selected Reference Works (1997) 4 th ed. Textbook 1054 Michael J. Marcuse's A Reference Guide for English Studies (1992) Textbook 1135

40. Specialized Research Guides John H. Fisher's The Medieval Literature of Western Europe: A Review of Research (1966) David J. DeLaura's Victorian Prose: A Guide to Research (1973) Richard J. Finneran's Anglo-lrish Literature: A Review of Research (1976) Joel Myerson's The Transcendentalists: A Review of Research and Criticism (1984)

41. One Volume Handbooks Margaret Drabble's The Oxford Companion to English Literature (2000) 6 th ed. Textbook 1186 James D. Hart's Oxford Companion to American Literature (1995) 6 th ed. Textbook 1166 Mary E. Snodgrass’s Encyclopedia of Southern Literature (1997) Textbook 1161 Jack Salzman's The Cambridge Handbook of American Literature (1986) Textbook 1159

42. Multivolume Encyclopedic Surveys A. H. Ward and A. R. Waller's Cambridge History of English Literature (1907-1933) 15 vols. Textbook 1210 William Porterfield Trent et al.'s Cambridge History of American Literature (1917-1921) 8 vols. Textbook 1209 The Oxford History of English Literature (usually referred to as the OHEL) 15 vols. Textbook 1214 Albert C. Baugh's A Literary History of England (2 nd ed. 1997) 4 vols. Textbook 1213

43. Chronologies These are useful in literary research for putting authors and their works in the perspectives of the concurrent political, social, religious, artistic, and scientific activities.  E.G.: Richard M. Ludwig and Clifford A. Nault, Jr.'s Annals of American Literature, 1602-1983 (1986) Textbook 1206 Samuel Rogal's A Chronological Outline of American Literature (1987) Textbook 1211

44. Examples of DICTIONARIES C.Hugh Holman and William Hammon's A Handbook to Literature (1996) Textbook 1075 A. M. H. Abram's A Glossary of Literary Terms (1993) Textbook 1074 Wendell V. Harris’s Dictionary of Concepts in Literary Criticism and Theory Textbook 1068 Roger Fowler’s A Dictionary of Modern Critical Terms Textbook 1070

45. Examples of BIOGRAPHIES American National Biography (ANB) American National Biography Oxford Dictionary of National Biography DNB ( Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Dictionary of Literary Biography (DLB) Dictionary of Literary Biography Contemporary Authors Biography Resource Center Biography and Genealogy Master Index Wilson Biographies Plus Illustrated

46. Examples of DIRECTORIES The Writers Directory (1971- ) 1203 The International Directory of Little Magazines and Small Presses (1965- )1055

47. Examples of CONCORDANCES Strong's Analytical Concordance to the Bible John S. P. Tatlock and Arthur G. Kennedy's A Concordance to the Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer (1927; reprint, 1963) Marvin Spevack's A Complete and Systematic Concordance to the Works of Shakespeare (1968-1980) Jess B. Bessinger, Jr.'s A Concordance to the Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records (1978) And many online concordances

48. Journals Devoted to Individual Authors Shakespeare Quarterly (1950- ) Thomas Hardy Annual (1983- ) James Joyce Quarterly (1963- ) Keats-Shelley Journal (1952- ) Poe Studies (1967- ) The Thomas Wolfe Review (1977- )  And many others

49. Other Online Databases Language & Literature

50. Other Online Databases African-American Poetry, 1750-1900 Description: Nearly 3,000 poems written by African- American poets in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

51. American Drama Dates: (1600-present) Description: When complete, this collection will contain more than 2,000 plays by American dramatists that chronicle the history and culture of America through its dramatic writing. At present, American Drama includes 711 plays by dramatists such as Thomas Paine, Edward Hitchcock, and James Lawson.

52. American Poetry 1600-1900 Description: Over 40,000 poems by more than 200 American poets from the Colonial Period to the early twentieth century.

53. Archive of Celtic-Latin Literature-fulltext (CD) Dates: (400-1200 A.D.) Description: Celtic-Latin literature from 400-1200 A.D.

54. Asian American Drama Asian American Drama contains more than 250 plays by over 40 playwrights, together with detailed, fielded information on related productions, theaters, production companies, and more. Many of the plays have never been published before. The collection begins with the works of Sadakichi Hartmann in the late nineteenth century and includes such contemporary playwrights as Philip Kan Gotanda, Elizabeth Wong, and Jeannie Barroga. The database also includes selected playbills, production photographs

55. Bible in English, 990-1970 Description: 20 different versions of the English Bible from the tenth to the twentieth century.

56. Black Drama Black Drama contains the full text approximately 1,200 full text plays plays written from the mid-1800s to the present by more than 150 playwrights from North America, English-speaking Africa, the Caribbean, and other African diaspora countries. Many of the works are rare, hard to find, or out of print. The collection includes previously unpublished plays by writers such as Langston Hughes, Ed Bullins, Willis Richardson, Amiri Baraka, Randolph Edmonds, and Zora Neale Hurston.

57. Canadian Poetry Created in partnership with the Electronic Text Centre at the University of New Brunswick Libraries, this unique collection currently contains the full text of more than 12,000 poems by 142 poets including Bliss Carman, Isabella Valancy Crawford and Archibald Lampman, and will soon offer a comprehensive survey of Canadian poetry from the seventeenth century to the early twentieth.

58. Children's Literature The CLCD database provides bibliographic data, reviews, awards, and lists for children's books, audio books, and videos. The database contains over 900,000 catalog records, and 130,000 full text reviews from 24 review sources. Approximately 1500 new reviews are added each month. There are retrospective reviews going back 10 years. Additionally, there are links to author sites, publishers, parent resources, curriculum resources and information on reading measurement programs.

59. Contemporary Literary Criticism Select Description: Contemporary Literary Criticism Select presents significant published criticism on the life and works of novelists, poets, playwrights, short story writers, and other creative writers now living or who died after December 31, 1959.

60. Early American Fiction Dates: (1789-1850) Description: Early American Fiction provides both images and text for a well-defined and comprehensive collection of early American fiction. Presently includes 440 titles by 80 authors, including first printings of works by James Fenimore Cooper, Edgar Allan Poe, Robert Montgomery Bird, Washington Irving, Catharine Sedgwick, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. A list of the authors with brief biographical details is included.

61. Early English Prose Fiction Dates: (1500-1700) Description: Early English Prose Fiction contains 211 works in English prose by writers from the British Isles from the period 1500-1700.

62. Early American imprints. Series I, Evans, 1639-1800 Early American Imprints, Series II - Shaw-Shoemaker, 1801-1819 Vast full-text resource of information about every aspect of life in 17 th - and 18 th -century America as well as the first couple of decades of the 19 th. Subjects covered range from agriculture and auctions through foreign affairs, diplomacy, literature, music, religion, the Revolutionary War, slavery, temperance, witchcraft and just about any other topic imaginable.

63. Early English Books Online EEBO brings nearly every English language book published from the invention of printing in 1475 to 1700 to the Internet. Works by Shakespeare, Spenser, Bacon, More, Erasmus, Boyle, Newton, Galileo; musical exercises by Henry Purcell and novels by Aphra Behn; prayer books, pamphlets, and proclamations; almanacs, calendars, and other primary resources are all in full facsimile. This interdisciplinary database includes well over 100,000 early printed titles listed in Pollard & Redgrave's Short-Title Catalogue (1475- 1640), Wing's Short-Title Catalogue (1641-1700) and the Thomason Tracts.

64. Eighteenth Century Collections Online When complete, this database will deliver every significant English-language and foreign-language title printed in Great Britain between 1701 and 1800, along with thousands of important works from the Americas. It will comprise nearly 150,000 titles and editions and will allow full-text searching of more than 33 million pages of material. Titles included in ECCO are based on the English Short Title Catalogue bibliography and are sourced from the holdings of the British Library, as well as other national, university, research, and public and private libraries. The database includes a variety of materials - from books and directories, Bibles, sheet music and sermons to advertisements - and works by many well-known and lesser-known authors, all providing a diverse collection of material for the researcher of the eighteenth century. Variant editions of each individual work are frequently offered to enable scholars to make textual comparisons of the works. The database is divided into seven subject areas: History and Geography; Fine Arts and Social Sciences; Medicine, Science and Technology; Literature and Language; Religion and Philosophy; Law; General.

65. Eighteenth-Century Fiction, 1700-1780 Description: 96 complete works in English prose from the period 1700-1780, by writers from the British Isles. Includes a scanned version of Sterne's Tristram Shandy, and two different editions of Richardson's Clarissa and Pamela and of Swift's Gulliver's Travels.

66. English Drama 1280-1915 Description: A combination of Chadwyck-Healey’s English Verse Drama and English Prose Drama full-text databases. 4,000 plays by 1,200 authors from the late thirteenth century to the early twentieth century.

67. English Poetry 600-1900 English Poetry 2nd Edition Description: Essentially the complete English poetic canon from 600 to 1900. Over 165,000 poems by more than 1,250 poets drawn from nearly 4,500 printed sources. English Poetry, Second Edition builds on the earlier English Poetry (600-1900) with enhanced functionality and the addition of more than 20,000 poems from several new categories. Containing more than 183,000 poems by over 2,700 poets, English Poetry, Second Edition now provides good representation both of the literary heritages of Commonwealth and ex-colonial countries and of the poetic legacies of English writers who have only been brought back to scholarly attention during the last thirty years.

68. Faber Poetry Library Dates: (20th Century) Description: A collection of some of the most influential poets of the twentieth century. The Faber list spans the seventy-year history of this major publishing house, and includes the poetry of James Joyce, Siegfried Sassoon, T.S. Eliot, Ted Hughes, Sylvia Plath and Seamus Heaney. In total The Faber Poetry Library contains 140 volumes by 50 poets

69. Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts Dates: 1973-present Description: This database covers a wide range of areas related to the nature and use of language. Major topics include phonetics, phonology, syntax and semantics. Complete coverage is also given to various fields of linguistics including descriptive, historical, comparative, theoretical and geographical linguistics.

70. Literary Theory Dates: (Ancient Greece to the present) Description: Literary Theory traces the history of literary theory and criticism from Plato to Judith Butler. It contains over 1,000 works by more than 350 writers, including: formal treatises on criticism, essays and manifestos, literary prefaces, theories of imagination, taste and aesthetics, and major examples of contemporary theory.

71. Literature Resource Center Description: Literature Resource Center provides access to biographies, bibliographies, and critical analyses of authors from every age and literary discipline. Combining many of Gale's literary databases in a single online service, the Literature Resource Center database covers more than 120,000 novelists, poets, essayists, journalists, and other writers, with in-depth coverage of 2,500 of the most-studied authors.

72. Middle English Compendium Description: The Middle English Compendium is composed of three major Middle English electronic resources: an electronic version of the Middle English Dictionary, a HyperBibliography of Middle English prose and verse, based on the MED bibliographies, and an associated network of electronic resources, including a large collection of Middle English texts. Hypertext links offer quick connections between, for example, an MED citation, bibliographical information about its source, and an electronic version of the source, if one is included in the collection.

73. Nineteenth Century Fiction Description: 250 novels from the period 1782 to 1903, including works by all the major Victorian novelists such as Dickens, Thackeray, the Brontës, Eliot and Hardy, as well as the landmarks of Gothic and other fiction from the Romantic period.

74. North American Theatre Online North American Theatre Online contains tens of thousands of records for people, places, theatres, productions, production companies, and more. It also includes more than 40,000 pages of full-text reference works and content from hundreds of top theatre Web resources. The database will continue to grow quarterly, aiming to cover everything related to the North American stage from the 1600s to the present.

75. Past Masters Includes three collections of full text databases: (1) philosophy and theology from Plato to Wittgenstein; (2) English letters: correspondence, diaries, memoirs and notebooks from distinguished British writers, statesmen, scientists, churchmen, explorers and philosophers in British history;. (3) women writers: letters, journals, and notebooks from important women writers in the English language. Past Masters uses authoritative editions from established, scholarly publishers.

76. Scottish Women Poets of the Romantic Period This is an electronic collection of over 60 volumes of lyric poetry by about fifty Scottish women, written between 1789 and 1832. The database also contains critical reviews, essays and associated bibliographical and biographical material. There are also selected pertinent web sites.

77. Oxford English Dictionary-full-text Dates: (latest edition) Description: The Second Edition provides a comprehensive history of the English language and illustrates its development by quotations from both scholarly and popular works. In total the second edition of the OED contains nearly two and a half million quotations.

78. Editions and Adaptations of Shakespeare, 1591-1911 Description: Editions and Adaptations of Shakespeare contains eleven major editions from the First Folio of 1623 to the Cambridge edition of 1863-6, twenty-eight separate contemporary printings of individual plays and poems, selected apocrypha and related works. In addition it contains more than one hundred adaptations, sequels and burlesques from the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, including the whole of Bell's Acting Edition of Shakespeare's Plays (1774). In the great majority of cases texts have been captured entire, with all introductions, prefaces, appendices, indices, notes editorial and authorial, essays, tables, figures, illustrations etc. reproduced in full. Half title pages, publisher's advertisements and decorations have not been captured. Hypertext links have been created to connect editorial matter to the texts whenever possible. Where omissions have been made they are noted in the relevant bibliographic entry.

79. Théâtre du Grand Siècle Dates: (1600-1699) Description: Théâtre du Grand Siécle includes the full text of seventy-seven plays by Corneille, Molière and Racine. This constitutes the complete works of Corneille, Molière and Racine.

80. Teatro Español del Siglo de Oro Dates: (1998) Description: The Teatro Español del Siglo de Oro full text database contains more than 800 plays written by 16 dramatists during the sixteenth and seventeenth century in Spain. These important dramatic works are either edited by the playwrights themselves or by an editor "endorsed" by the playwright. The entire text of each play is included and searchable.

81. Times Literary Supplement Centenary Archive Dates: (1902-1980) Description: An index to the TLS together with images of the publication. Many of the previously anonymous contributors have been identified. Full-text searching will be available by the end of 2000.

82. 20th Century African-American Poetry Dates: (20th century) Description: A database of modern and contemporary African- American poetry from the early twentieth century to the present. Features 10,000 poems by around 70 of the most important African- American poets of the last century.

83. 20th Century American Poetry Dates: (20th century) Description: This collection includes 52,000 poems drawn from 750 volumes by over 300 poets, includingAdrienne Rich, Andrei Codrescu, Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams, Denise Levertov, Wallace Stevens, Langston Hughes, Lucille Clifton, and Cathy Song.

84. 20th Century English Poetry Dates: (20th century) Description: A collection of 594 volumes of poetry by 282 poets from 1900 to the present day, including W. B. Yeats, Rudyard Kipling, Robert Graves, A. E. Housman, John Betjeman, Fleur Adcock, Tony Harrison, Benjamin Zephaniah and Carol Ann Duffy, and incorporating the poets in The Faber Poetry Library.

85. W.B. Yeats Collection (1885-1995) Dates: (1885-1995) Description: The major works of W.B. Yeats in all genres, including poetry, plays, criticism and fiction, published between 1885 and 1995.

86. Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged Dates: (1993) Description: Webster's Unabridged is America's premier lexicographical work. This electronic version comprises the text of Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged, published in 1961, and subsequent updates which take account of current usage.

87. ARTFL - Textual Database of French literature Dates: (1200-present) Description: Includes nearly 2,000 French texts ranging from classic works of French literature to various kinds of non-fiction prose and technical writing covering the 13th-20th Centuries. Database includes literature, philosophy, arts, sciences. The eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries are about equally represented, with a smaller selection of seventeenth century texts as well as some medieval and Renaissance texts.

88. Autour du Romantisme : Le Roman, 1792-1886 / Catalogue des lettres ; chronologie et biographies rédigées sous la direction de R. Robert. Dates: (1792-1886) Description: Contains the works of Arlincourt, Borel, Chateaubriand, Dumas, Feydeau, Hugo, Karr, Lamartine, Maistre, Nerval, Sade, Souza, Staël, and Vigny, as well as many other French authors of the 19th century.

89. Bertolt Brechts Werke im WWW Dates: (1999) Description: The first authorized electronic edition is based on Bertolt Brecht, Ausgewählte Werke in sechs Bänden, Jubiläumsausgabe um 100. Geburtstag. Published in cooperation with Suhrkamp Verlag.and encoded in SGML.

90. Le Corpus Montaigne Dates: (1533-1997) Description: The complete written works of Michel de Montaigne, (1533-1592) including the editions in his lifetime, the Gournay editions, twenty-four subsequent major editions, the best translations in English, German, Spanish.

91. La Critique Littéraire de Laharpe à Proust Dates: (1800-1899) Description: Contains 115 works of twenty-nine French writers from Alexis and Baudelaire to Saint-Beuve, Schlegel and Zola. In addition, works by literary critical specialists to explore the rapid development of literary theory between 1788 and 1925.

92. Dictionary of Old English Corpus Dates: (600-1150 A.D.) Description: Compiled as part of the Dictionary of Old English project at the University of Toronto, the Dictionary of Old English Corpus in Electronic Form is an online database consisting of at least one copy of every Old English text. In some cases, more than one copy is included, if it is significant because of dialect or date. As such, the DOEC represents about three million words of Old English and another two million words of Latin, or about six times the collected works of Shakespeare.

93. Autour du Romantisme : Le Roman, 1792-1886 / Catalogue des lettres ; chronologie et biographies rédigées sous la direction de R. Robert. Dates: (1792-1886) Description: Contains the works of Arlincourt, Borel, Chateaubriand, Dumas, Feydeau, Hugo, Karr, Lamartine, Maistre, Nerval, Sade, Souza, Staël, and Vigny, as well as many other French authors of the 19th century.

94. Goethes Werke im WWW Dates: (1997) Description: Electronic version of Goethes Werke, Weimar: H. Böhlau, 1887-1919; Goethes Gespräche. Leipzig: Biedermann, 1889- 1896; Goethes Werke, Nachträge zur Weimarer Ausgabe, München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1990.

95. Kafkas Werke im WWW Dates: (1992) Description: The Kritische Kafka-Ausgabe des S. Fischer Verlages bei Chadwyck-Healey is the complete critical edition published by S. Fischer Verlag digitized and encoded in SGML The web site text has German and English versions.

96. Les Romanciers Réalistes et Naturalistes 1820- 1910 Dates: (1820-1910) Description: Complete prose works of Balzac, Daudet, Flaubert, Les Goncourt, Huysmans, Maupassant, Stendhal, Vallès and Zola plus a selection of authors such as Les Familiers de Médan and Le Manifeste des Cinq.

97. Schillers Werke im WWW Dates: (1998) Description: The electronic edition of the Nationalausgabe of Schiller's works, established in 1940 as the definitive edition of his works, letters and conversations.