1. Bioremediation of marine environment contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbon Richard Mannion Martin Casserly Martin Gallagher

2. Contents What is bioremediation What is petroleum hydrocarbons? Environmental factors Fate of contaminant Chemical composition of petroleum hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon degrading microbes Biodegradation of hydrocarbon components Factors that determine cost of oil spill 2 approaches to oil spill bioremediation

3. What is bioremediation? Bioremediation is defined as the act of adding or improving the availability of materials (e.g., nutrients, micro organisms, or oxygen) to contaminated environments to cause an acceleration of natural biodegradative processes.

4. What are petroleum hydrocarbons? Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) are a term used to describe a large family of several hundred chemical compounds that originally come from crude oil. TPH is a mixture of chemicals, but they are all made mainly from hydrogen and carbon, called hydrocarbons.

5. Environmental factors Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Water

6. Fate of contaminant Toxicity Sorption Volatilisation Tempeture Spreading Dispersion Emulsification Photo oxidation Concentration Solubility Soil sediment

7. Chemical composition of petroleum hydrocarbons Saturated hydrocarbons Aromatic hydrocarbons Resins Asphaltines

8. Hydrocarbon degrading microbes Degrading microbes

9. Biodegradation of hydrocarbon components Saturated hydrocarbons Aromatic hydrocarbons Resins asphaltines

10. Factors determining cost of oil spill Type of oil spilled Amount spilled Pattern of spillage Location Clean up response Termination of clean up

11. Two approaches to oil spill bioremediation BioaugmentationBiostimulation Water soluble nutrients Granular nutrients ( slow release) Oleophilic nutrients