1. The Expansion of Europe: 1492-1815

2. 1492 (and before) Portuguese- Azores (1431)
Christopher Columbus’s first voyage (1492)
Ottoman Empire- Vienna, N. Africa--Morocco
Spain- North Africa

3. China 1368: Ming Dynasty 1421: Perking (Capital) Zhu Yuanzhang
Silk/ Cotton Industries
Agriculture rose
Inventions/ Innovations:
1551- Forbidden

4. By Mid 18th C…..
British = Power

5. Super Quiz Part I Pg

6. The Seven years War
Put an end to the first French colonial empire
Was responsible for a decisive turn in power relations in the New World

13. Industrial Superiority + Large Merchant Marine and Navy = Foundations for British Domination of the World.

14. Colonial opposition began in 1808 when Napoleon made his brother Joseph King of Spain (continued after the Restoration)
King Joseph did not intend to make any concessions to the colonists.
Principle of the Congress of Vienna
Spain = lost empire forever
Portugal= loss of Brazil
America = Monroe Doctrine
1815 = the first phase of European expansion ended.

15. By 1815….. America had everything behind it:
Exploration and exploitation
Colonization and decolonization
And was politically independent from Europe

16. The English came late to American colonization
The English came late to American colonization. Only when the French and the Dutch established settlements in North America and Caribbean did Englishmen feel compelled to join in rather than get left behind by their rivals.

17. The first colonists hoped to strike gold, but instead founded successful colonization with
Tobacco
Sugar
Cattle worked by enslaved Indians

18. Treaty of Tordesillas

19. Why not the new world? 1. Too busy with:
Securing Tudor dynasty after war of
Asserting monarchial authority
Domestic + European issues
1527
His divorce with Catherine of Argon
His divorce inspired religious reformation
Henry VIII 2.
Edward VI ( ) reign too short for colonization. (Henry’s son) 3.
Queen Mary’s counter reformation. ( )
Elizabeth had to deal with religious chaos, Mary of Scots, war with Spain. This was followed by: harvest failure +famine. 4.

20. Empires start at home Then: England Wales Scotland+ Ireland
Empire = territorial expansion
Then:
1533: The Act of Restrain of Appeals of 1533
- no more papal justice
- “England is an empire of itself”
Empire begin with 3 Kingdoms:
England
Wales
Scotland+ Ireland

21. Wales: Scotland: 1382 :Conquest: English Welsh
1485 :Accession part Welsh Henry VII
:2 acts of union  Wales under English legal + political authority
Wales:
1469 Scottish Parliament claim full Jurisdiction of Empire
1533 England make same claims in Act in Restraint of Appeals (UHHH OHH!!!!!)
English intervention help Scottish Reformation
1707 Act of Union – Scotland give up is own legislation (fought English during the Civil Wars)
1541 Irish Parliament declare Henry VII not just lord but “KING OF IRELAND”
Scotland:

22. = Ireland Blueprint for American Colonization
All but loyal natives who would bring English/Scottish tenants to be removed, disposed, or killed
Catholics holding land:
1641: 59% of land
1660: 22% of land
1776: 5% of land
English, Scottish, Welsh in Ireland:
1600: 2%
1660: 18%
18th century: 30%
Irish Population:
1600: 1,400,000
1641: 2,100,000
1680’s: 2,000,000 (war plague famine)
Blueprint Because?!?
Not one religion dominated over time!
A mix of people fled there!
Population increased! =

23. English Atlantic, Trade + Plunder in the 17th century
1481: Unproven 1st European contact w/ Americas
1490’s: First verifiable trip to North America.
 King Henry VII tells to conquer all lands not claimed by Christians
1502 KING HENRY VII GIVES UP
1550- lack of wool force English to New World
(overseas trade fell 35%)
England jealous of Spanish
1562- John Harking begins carrying human cargo
: Main interaction with New World through attacking Spanish ships/ Settlements + getting in on Spanish markets

24. Lost colonies of Roanoke
1584- Queen Elizabeth allows colonization but no fishing
Land is claimed from Chesapeake Bay- Carolinas
April Richard Greenville wastes supplies in raid of Spanish
August Greenville return to England for supplies and leaves Ralph Lane in
charge of 108 men.
runs out of food and asks Indians, end in burning Indian villages
June Francis Drake arrives but all want to leave but 15 who vanished
April John White led 100men but ran out of supplies. Leaves granddaughter, the first child born in colonies

25. Eighteenth Century empires
Rise of the French and British

26. How the dynasties began
England and France had -Growing populations -Consumer demands for:

27. AND: The INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Textile Manufacturing Agriculture

28. Now Let’s Backtrack
1715: Brazil recognized at Peace of Utrecht and Portugal goes on pension (aka retires from active imperialism)
Spain attempts to exclude outsiders from its colonial trade in the New World, but they pose NO THREAT
Dutch could scarcely compete. BUT WHY??

29. DECLINE OF THE Dutch
“United Provinces” (the Dutch Netherlands) left weakened by war with Louis XIV
Country left stagnant both demographically and politically: Population failed to rise provincial oligarchies not strong centralized power like to French and British
Economy suffered when French and British eliminated maritime middlemen
Industry failed to become a competitor
Heavy taxes and high wage demands force prices of Dutch products (BAD FOR INTERNATIONAL TRADING)

30. The Dutch succeed
Financial institutions provide nation with safer, lucrative business of CREDIT and FINANCE
First in West to perfect paper currency, stock market, and central banks
Merchant-bankers loaned $$$$$$$$ to private borrowers and foreign nations, thus becoming: FINANCIAL BROKERS NOT TRADERS

31. AND LET’S FAST FORWARD
France and Britain would eventually fight the “Great Wars for Empire” (fought over the world as an expansion of the Seven Years’ War)
Britain would eventually win in North America, the Caribbean, and South Asia British rule would extend over India: “THE JEWEL IN THE CROWN” of British imperial domination.

32. But before that happens

33. Where the power comes from
NAVAL AND MILITARY MIGHT

34. French commercial empire
Only state in Europe with both a large army and navy
New France primarily area of trade, not settlement
Absolutism fostered centralized structure of control over colonies Ruled by intendant and military governors

35. British Commercial empire
Rise in domination over the seas
13 American colonies centers of settlement -remained independent of one another and barely controlled by Crown and Parliament (salutary neglect) royal governor, local assemblies, traditions of self government

36. Both Empires
RIVALRY OVER: -West Indies: SUGAR -West Africa: SLAVES -North America: CENTERS OF TRADE AND SETTLEMENT -India and rest of Asia: Powerful companies traded with Asian nations but were not supposed to establish colonies
MERCANTILISM!!

37. Mercantilism
“regulation of trade by a state in order to increase that state’s power over its neighbors”
Practiced by Prussia, England, France
Favorable balance of trade signified by influx of gold and silver
State’s bullion could only increase at a neighbor’s expense (trade restrictions enforced)

38. In the colonies
Production of raw materials or staple crops for parent country
Protected markets for the parent’s manufactured goods -foreign goods barred through tariffs, high regulations, bounties, or outright prohibitions
West Indies farmers, successful merchants, manufacturers, and ship owners accumulated large fortunes
Channeling trade thwarted by:

39. SMUGGLERS AND PIRATES!!
Ex. John Hancock made $$$ smuggling food from Boston to French West Indies

40. Dependence on Naval Power
BECAUSE:
Ships needed protections, rivals needed to be excluded from colonial trade, and regulations had to be enforced
Led to the establishment of ports along coasts of Africa, India, and the Caribbean (rivals were denied access of course)

41. The west indies
THE IDEAL COLONY -tropical climate -isolation from European society made slavery possible -crops difficult to grow elsewhere prospered (TOBACCO, COTTON, INDIGO, SUGAR) -could produce little else dependent on European manufactured goods Ex. Could not raise supply of food animals or grain to feed slaves, not enough lumber for buildings, could not manufacture luxury goods for planter class

42. Triangular Trade
Manufactured goods (paper, knives, pots, blankets, etc.) traveled from England to the shops in the thirteen colonies, then colonial goods (fish, beef, timber) traveled to West Africa for slaves, who would head to the West Indies in exchange for sugar (which would be head to British refineries)
OR Rum from the colonies would be shipped to Africa (along with hardware, cloth, and guns), slaves to the Caribbean, and molasses (used to distill even more rum) back up to the northern colonies
French and British manufacturers made fortunes refining or finishing colonial products and selling them to other European markets

43. Slavery
The entirety of European global economic imperialism depended on slavery
Slave trafficking was risky and highly competitive
Britain and France originally chartered companies to monopolize slave trade, but they were challenged by merchants who wanted to make their own profits
Forts were established on the coast of West Africa Europeans did not capture slaves themselves but rather hostile local groups of the interior did
MIDDLE PASSAGE: each slave was jam-packed into a ship and allowed only enough room to lie down. Slaves were chained together, given a minimum of food and hygiene did not exist. Mortality rates: %10-%50

45. A British Defense of Slavery and the Plantation Economy-Malachy Postlethwayt
The British “West Indies and African trades are the most nationally beneficial of any we carry on”
“an inexhaustible fund of wealth and naval Power to this nation”

46. Mounting Colonial Conflicts
Population: 1.5 million
British colonists: west ward expansion
French: more concerned with trade and were thinly spread out
French Forts established near the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Gulf
British established a fort at Halifax Nova Scotia challenging French penetration of the waterways/fishing of grounds St. Lawrence Gulf

47. Conflict on the Frontier
The French began to push in from the Great Lakes and from the Mississippi
British feared that the French would cut off their expansion
French feared that the British would lead into their Canadian territory
Ohio Territory

48. Both French and British wanted an alliance with the Native Americans
French gained Indian support because the French were traders not settlers
(1745)The Ohio Company of Virginia sent an expedition against Fort Duquesne and failed
The British government gave military support to its colonies
In May(1756) French and British formally declared war
French alliance with the Native Americans

49. The Great War for Empire (1756-63)
Seven Years’ War: largest military conflict in Europe before the French Revolution
Centered on conflict between Austria and Prussia
Russia, France, and Britain were involved too
Ended in 1763 restoring the balance of power in Europe

50. French and Indian war
Part of the Great War for Empire, the French and Indian War was taking place in America
At first the French had the upper hand
French were too thinly spread out
British had superior naval power
French, British, and Spanish claims

51. Pitt’s Strategy William Pitt-Britain’s Prime Minister(1758)
Utilized British naval superiority
1759-major battles between France and Britain
Britain keeps France from accessing their overseas colonies
French territories eventually transferred to the British

52. The Treaty of Paris(1763)
Britain was willing to give back certain colonies: several sugar producing islands
France ceded Canada

53. A Decaying Empire 18th century: Indian sub-continent was broken up
British/French merchants - Indian spices, tea, textiles
France and Britain competed for territory in India
The Indian natives eventually favored the French, throwing off the balance of power

54. From Trade to Conquest
Robert Clive of the East India Company: in charge of 900 Europeans and 1500 native solders
Battled the French and natives to gain control of Bengal
Dual Government-tyrannical rule of a company

55. While Britain was about to lose an empire in North America, it was gaining one in South Asia
India Act(1784)-British government replaced company rule
Lord Cornwallis, the man who surrendered to the rebels at York town was the first to be in charge

56. The British Raj Cornwallis’s class system to support Britain
Landlords: collect rent and can evict peasants
2 British magistrates: one to collect tax/superintendent and one to administer justice
The British monopolized the salt and opium trade