2. You must know and be able to describe and explain: Physical weathering Freeze-thaw Exfoliation Chemical weathering Limestone solution

3. Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

4. Formed by fire – magma in the interior of the Earth Formed by the cooling of lava or magma Examples – Basalt and Granite

5. Made up of small particles transported by water, ice and wind As more sediment accumulates the weight causes the rock to form Weak rock generally Examples – Sandstone, clay, limestone and chalk

6. Originally igneous or sedimentary rock which have been altered by heat and/or pressure Example Limestone into Marble Clay into Slate

9. All the Granite rocks in the UK are found to the north and west of the Tees-Exe line

11. The rock which forms tors is that which remains after the surrounding rocks have been weathered and carried away. Where tors occur, the joints in the granite are wider apart than in the rock around them Freeze-thaw weathering can operate more effectively and blocks of rock break off more quickly where the joints are close together, because there are more cracks in the rock for the water to fill

12. Each time the water freezes and expands within a joint, more pressure is put on the surrounding rock and the crack widens. Where there are fewer joints, it takes longer for the blocks of rock to be broken off and the block are left upstanding as Tors

14. Reservoirs Poor grazing land for Cattle and Sheep Dartmoor – Ponies Building materials and gravestones

17. In the Uplands of England and Wales The Yorkshire Dales – Malham and Ingleton Peak District near Castleton These rocks are very susceptible to chemical weathering

18. Limestone pavements – flat surfaces of bare rock broken up into separate block The flat surfaces of the blocks are clints and the gaps are grykes

19. Rivers disappear underground either through small holes in the rocks called sink holes or down larger holes with a funnel shape above called swallow holes

20. Underground limestone is full of holes Forms large chambers, caves and caverns Stalactites made of lime hang down from the roofs like long icicles Stalagmites are the thicker columns built up from the floor

22. Good for sheep farming – grazing the short turf-like grass which grows Limestone landforms are attractive to visitors – tourist attractions – Gift shops in Castleton etc Farmers can ear extra income from campsites and bed and breakfasts Used as a building material – St. Paul’s Cathedral When crushed it can be used for fertiliser Used a cleanser in many industries – power stations Quarrying

25. Chalk is a soft, white, porous form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite. It is relatively resistant to erosion so forms tall steep cliffs where chalk ridges meet the sea e.g. Beachy Head along the south coast of England Chalk is porous which means that water can pass through and be stored in the pore spaces between the particles of rock. When it rains, water infiltrates into the chalk layers and saturates the chalk. The upper level of saturation is called the water table. Many water companies drill boreholes into the chalk rock to supply water to nearby settlements. Chalk forms distinctive landscapes with steep escarpments and gentle dip slopes. The hills may have dry valleys which show the characteristics of a river valley but have no water flowing along them. The North and South Downs in south-east England (UK) show all these features

27. There are two requirements before an escarpment can be formed: Alternate outcrops of different types of rocks. One rock needs to be soft and the other needs to be more resistant to erosion Beds of rock dip at an angle to the ground surface. Instead of being horizontal, the beds were tilted by earth movements so that they lie at an angle to the surface

28. The clay is eroded more quickly than the chalk As the clay is eroded down into the vale, the chalk is left standing up because of its greater resistance The scarp slope forms a prominent feature where the layer of chalk reaches the surface The dip slope is more gentle following the tilt of the beds of rock

29. Settlement - see Fulking case studies Good for pasture and training racehorses Good building material Underground water supply – called aquifers