1. Readers and Writers An introduction to the Linux programming interface for using UNIX semaphores

2. Proberen and Verlagen Dijkstra’s invention (1965) Variable s is initialized to a positive value P(s) tests s and, if positive, decrements s; otherwise sleeps until s becomes positive V(s) increments s Can be used to achieve mutual exclusion Or to enforce an upper limit on the number of simultaneous accesses to a resource

3. Wait and Signal Dijkstra’s P(s) and V(s) operations often are called ‘semWait()’ and ‘semSignal()’ struct semaphore { int count; queue_t q; }; void semWait( struct semaphore s ) { if ( --s.count < 0 ) { block( task ); enqueue( task, s.q ); } } void semSignal( struct semaphore s ) { if ( ++s.count >= 0 ) { dequeue( task, s.q ); unblock( task ); } }

4. Readers and Writers A data buffer is shared among a number of separate processes Some processes want to read the buffer, and other processes want to write to the buffer Multiple readers may read it simultaneously Only one writer at a time can write to the buffer While a writer is writing to the buffer, no reader may read from it

5. Semaphore sets You use the ‘semget()’ function to create a new semaphore set within the kernel (and aquire a ‘handle’ to it for later reference) You use the ‘semctl()’ function to inspect or modify the semaphore value(s) for the semaphores in your semaphore set Use ‘semat()’ and ‘semdt()’ to attach and detach the semaphore set to your process

6. UNIX kernel structures semval sempid semncnt semznt struct sem current value of the semaphore counter pid of the most recent task to access it counts tasks awaiting semval >= current counts tasks awaiting semval == 0

7. A ‘semaphore set’ descriptor sem_perm *sem_base sem_nsems sem_otime sem_ctime struct semid_ds nsems = 3 struct sem array[ ]

8. Semaphore ‘actions’ You use the ‘semop()’ function to request the kernel to perform one or more ‘actions’ on semaphores in your semaphore set Such actions will be performed atomically The types of actions include incrementing and decrementing a semaphore’s counter, as well as ‘waiting’ until the semaphore’s value is increased

9. A client-and-server demo Our ‘lottery.cpp’ program implements a ‘server’ which writes to shared memory Our ‘gambler.cpp’ program implements a ‘client’ which reads from shared memory A semaphore set with two semaphores is used for coordinating the reads and writes

10. In-class exercise Can you implement a modification of the ‘gambler.cpp’ client-program which forks multiple separate reader-processes using randomly generated ‘bets’ in order to try and ‘win’ the lottery (i.e., by guessing the winning number-combination)? How many times will you need to ‘fork()’ in order to have a better-than-even chance at winning?