1. Lesson XVI CAESAR’S ENGLISH II

2. i ncongruous : incompatible malevolence : ill will ambiguous : uncertain felicity : great happiness irrevocable : unalterable Vex : Irritate Abyss : A Bottomless Depth Prostrate : Lying Flat Articulate : Express Clearly Martyr : One Who Suffers CAESAR’S ENGLISH XVI

3. Spanish: incongruo (in-KONG-gru-us) The English adjective incongruous means incompatible, lacking congruity. Things are incongruous when they don’t go together. Thomas Hardy wrote in The Return of the Native that “The incongruity between the men’s deeds and their environment was great.” INCONGRUOUS : INCOMPATIBLE

4. Spanish: malevolencia (mal-LEV-o-lence) Malevolence, from the Latin malevolens, is ill ( mal) will ( vol) ; it is an evil intention to do harm. Sherlock Holmes, in Arthur Conan Doyle’s The Hound of the Baskervilles, says that “I have not finally made up my mind whether it is a benevolent or a malevolent agency which is in touch with us.” And in Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, we read, “What malevolence you must have to wish to convince me that there is no happiness in the world.” MALEVOLENCE : ILL WILL

5. Spanish: ambiguo (am-BIG-yo0-us) Our English adjective ambiguous (the noun is ambiguity ) refers to the kind of uncertainty we feel when there are multiple possible meanings, and we aren’t sure which one is meant. A very clear meaning is unambiguous. In Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, we see the request to “Seal up the mouth of outrage for a while, ‘til we can clear these ambiguities.” AMBIGUOUS : UNCERTAIN

6. Spanish: felicidad (feh-LISS-ih-tee) The English noun felicity comes from the Latin felix, happy. The adjective form is felicitous. Felicity is great happiness. One of the clearest uses of felicity comes from Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography : “I grew convinced,” Franklin wrote, “that truth, sincerity, and integrity in dealings between man and man were of the utmost importance to the felicity of life.” FELICITY : GREAT HAPPINESS

7. Spanish: irrevocable (ir-re-VOKE-able) The English adjective irrevocable refers to something that can not ( ir ) be called ( voc ) back ( re )--can not be revoked. In A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man James Joyce wrote that “a definite and irrevocable act of his threatened to end forever, in time and in eternity, his freedom.” IRREVOCABLE : UNALTERABLE

8. Spanish: articular är ˈ tiky ə lit To pronounce distinctly and carefully; enunciate; To speak clearly and distinctly. Example: She's an intelligent and articulate speaker. Example: He was very articulate about his feelings on the subject. ARTICULATE: EXPRESS CLEARLY

9. Spanish: vejar veks to bring trouble, distress, or agitation to; to bring physical distress to ; to irritate or annoy by petty provocations Example: The restaurant is vexed by slow service Example: A headache vexed him all morning. VEX: TO IRRITATE

10. Spanish: prostata ˈ präs ˌ trāt stretched out with face on the ground in adoration or submission; lying flat Example: The police found the body in a prostrate position. PROSTRATE: LYING DOWN

11. Spanish: abismo ə ˈ bis the bottomless gulf, pit, or chaos of the old cosmogonies; an immeasurably deep gulf or great space; intellectual or moral depths Example: looking down at the dark ocean from the ship's rail, the cruise passenger felt as though he was staring into an abyss ABYSS: A BOTTOMLESS DEPTH

12. Spanish: martir ˈ märt ə r a person who voluntarily suffers death as the penalty of witnessing to and refusing to renounce a religion; to put to death for adhering to a belief, faith, or profession Example: martyr to asthma all his life — A. J. Cronin Examples of Martyrs: Joan of Arc Jesus Martin Luther King Jr. Nelson Mandela MARTYR: ONE WHO SUFFERS

13. CAESAR’S CLASSIC WORDS CHALLENGE 1.From James Baldwin’s Go Tell It on the Mountain The cat turned to watch them, with yellow, ___________ eyes. a.malevolent b.ambiguous c.incongruous d.irrevocable

14. CAESAR’S CLASSIC WORDS CHALLENGE 1.From James Baldwin’s Go Tell It on the Mountain The cat turned to watch them, with yellow, ___________ eyes. a.malevolent b.ambiguous c.incongruous d.irrevocable

15. 2. From Robert Penn Warren’s All the Kings Men It was an ____________, speculative look. a.malevolent b.ambiguous c.irrevocable d.felicitous

16. 2. From Robert Penn Warren’s All the Kings Men It was an ____________, speculative look. a.malevolent b.ambiguous c.irrevocable d.felicitous

17. 3. From Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice They were one of those ______________ and impossible married couples. a.ambiguous b.irrevocable c.incongruous d.malevolent

18. 3. From Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice They were one of those ______________ and impossible married couples. a.ambiguous b.irrevocable c.incongruous d.malevolent

19. The Grammar of Vocabulary: ambiguous, an adjective. Caesar’s order was not ambiguous; it was clear.