1. Types of Heterotrophic Nutrition

2. Methods of Feeding Saprophytic Nutrition Parasitism Predation
feed on dead organic matter, get energy from it, and recycle it back into the environment.
decomposers.
Parasitism
organism (parasite) feeds off of another (host) at the expense of the host.
Predation
- organism (predator) hunts, kills, and eats another organism (prey). 
Scavenging
feed on organisms killed by something else.

3. Kingdoms Archaebacteria & Eubacteria
(Formerly Monera)

4. What are Bacteria? Bacteria are PROKARYOTES
The smallest known living cells
They are found
everywhere!!
Bacteria on
head of a pin
Starr, 317
Did you know? There are over 80
species of bacteria in your mouth!
Bacteria in dental plaque
microbeworld.org

5. Obtaining Energy Autotrophs (make energy)
Photoautotrophs- capture energy from light
Ex- cyabobacteria
Chemoautotrophs- obtain energy from chemical reactions with inorganic molecules (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, nitrites, sulfur, Iron)
make glucose using energy from chemical compounds
Ex. Ocean vent bacteria

6. Cyanobacteria bloom

7. Obtaining Energy cont…
Heterotrophs- most bacteria obtain their energy from organic molecules
These bacteria are often feeding in, on and around us…
Some bacteria are photoheterotrophs
Capture sunlight and digest organic molecules

8. Releasing Energy
Bacteria can use both cell respiration and fermentation
Many bacteria have different oxygen requirements:
Obligate aerobes- must have oxygen for respiration
Facultative anaerobes- can function with or without oxygen
Obligate anaerobes- poisoned by oxygen (use fermentation)

9. Three basic shapes of Bacteria
Spherical – coccus
Rod – bacillus
Coiled - spirillum
Schraer, 633

10. Shapes of Bacteria

11. Coccus
Spheres
Cocci (plural)
a variety of arrangements 11

12. Bacillus Cylindrical or rod-shape Bacilli (plural)
Variations in cell arrangement
Diplobacillus (paired) 12

13. Spirillium Spiral or “squiggle” shaped bacteria Vibrio Spirillum
Spirochete 13

14. Simple Colonies Staphylo = clusters Strepto = chains Diplo = double
Bacterial colony shapes have specific names that are used as
A prefix that combines with the name of their shape.
Staphylo = clusters
Strepto = chains
Staphylococcus
wisc.edu
Diplo = double
Diplococcus
cat.cc.md.us
Streptobacillus

18. Many can MOVE Some have flagella - made of rope-like proteins, not
microtubules.
Some slide on a slimy secretion.
Many can form dormant
cells called endospores
to survive harsh conditions.
Salmonella
Streptomyces spores

19. Bacterial Reproduction
Bacterial cells reproduce asexually through fission which is the splitting of a cell into two new cells.

20. Bacterial Reproduction cont…
Some bacteria utilize conjugation to exchange pieces of genetic information to increase variation
*Not considered sexual reproduction- not complete exchange of DNA, no offspring made

21. Bacterial Cells
Their Structure

22. Structure of a Bacterial Cell
Cell Wall
Outside membrane- maintains cell structure
May have cell wall + capsule (second wall)
Protects the cell
Eubacteria-composed of peptidoglycan, a polymer of sugars and amino acids
Plasma Membrane
Controls what enters and exits, selectively permeable
phospholipid bilayer surrounding cell
contains proteins that play a role in transport of ions, nutrients, and wastes
Flagella (not found in all bacteria)
tail-like structure used for locomotion

23. Structure of a Bacterial Cell
Nucleoid
region DNA is found in prokaryotes
single double-stranded circular chromosome
Contains all genetic information
Plasmid (some bacteria)
small circular chromosome carrying special genes
may carry an antibiotic resistance gene
Can be exchanged through conjugation
Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis (translation)
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2008 President and Fellows of Harvard College.

24. Bacterial Structure Respiratory Enzymes Cytoplasm
Use enzymes in the cytoplasm to undergo respiration
Cytoplasm
Fluid filling cell

25. Two Kingdoms of Bacteria
Kingdom Archaebacteria
- “Ancient”, most primitive
earliest known form of life -
Fluorescent micrograph of an archaeon
microbeworld.org
Kingdom Eubacteria
- includes bacteria and
cyanobacteria (blue-green)

26. Eubacteria

27. EUBACTERIA the “true” bacteria- more common

28. Cell Walls
eubacterial cells have two different cell wall structures. A technique called gram staining can distinguish between:
Gram-positive: cell wall containing mainly peptidoglycan- stains purple
Gram-negative: bacterial cell has a second, outer layer of lipids and carbs- stains pink

29. Kingdom Eubacteria Photosynthetic – 2 groups
1) cyanobacteria (aerobes)
Have chlorophyll a
and phycocyanin (blue)
Other colors, too
Most live in fresh water
Others live in salt water,
soil and lichens
Starr, 315
Nostoc
Schraer, 637

30. - colors range from pink to black - photosynthesize without water
More photosynthetics
2) green-sulfur and purple bacteria
- anaerobic
- colors range from pink to black
- photosynthesize without water
- make no oxygen
- live in pond and sea mud

31. Cyanobacteria
This is a group of bacteria that includes some that are single cells and some that are chains of cells. You may have seen them as "green slime" in your aquarium or in a pond.
Cyanobacteria can do "modern photosynthesis", which is the kind that makes oxygen from water. All plants do this kind of photosynthesis and inherited the ability from the cyanobacteria.

32. Cyanobacteria were the first organisms on Earth to do modern photosynthesis and they made the first oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere.

33. Biologic Importance of Bacteria
Essential to nutrient cycling
Decomposers – in soil, inside animals
Enterobacteria – live inside us, break down waste, make vitamins
vitamin K is essential to blood clot formation.
Process foods – cheese, yogurt etc..
Some MAKE antibiotics (streptomyacin)

34. Bacterial uses cont. 6) Help with sewage treatment
Break down wastes
7) Can be utilized in genetic engineering, molecular research…
Insert foreign genes into new organism
Can be used to make specialized products like insulin
8) Indicate pollution levels
Provide visual clue to presence of pollution

35. 9) Nitrogen Fixation
Still other Bacteria live on the roots of certain plants, converting atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form.

36. Some cause disease We call these “pathogens”
Anthrax, as seen by Koch
microbeworld.org
But most are
beneficial
Bacteria ferment cheese
Schraer, 641

37. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Why a separate kingdom?
Archae differ chemically from other bacteria.
1) cell wall - different amino acids and sugars.
Eubacteria have peptidoglycan
Archaebacteria have varied polysaccharides
but not peptidoglycan.
2) unique membrane lipids
3) ribosomes
4) enzymes >
5) gene sequences And MORE
RNA polymerase

38. Archaebacteria Lack important carbohydrate found in cell walls
Have different lipids in their cell membrane
Different types of ribosomes
Very different gene sequences
Archaebacteria can live in extremely harsh environments
They do not require oxygen and can live in extremely salty environments as well as extremely hot environments.

39. Archae are extremophiles
Live in habitats like early earth
Too harsh for most organisms
1) methanogens – decomposers,
live in intestines, swamps & bogs
sewage treatment
2) Halophiles – “love salt”
Great Salt Lake, Dead Sea
3) Thermophiles – hot springs, geysers
4) Acidophiles – acidic environments
Starr,635

40. Archaea, the “extremophiles” methanogens, thermophiles, halophiles

41. Nitrogen-fixing Chemosynthetic Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
make glucose using energy
from chemical compounds
**Mostly archae
Tube worms at ocean vent
Fed by chemoautotrophs
Starr, 745
Nitrogen-fixing
Fix nitrogen in special
cells called heterocysts
Legume roots – nodules contain
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Starr, 314