1. THE ENGINEERING OF FOUNDATIONS A BOOK BY RODRIGO SALGADO POWERPOINT RESOURCES FOR CHAPTER 2
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2. THE DESIGN PROCESS

3. DESIGN GOALS Safety Serviceability Economy
The optimum foundation solution transfers the superstructure loads to the ground in a way that minimizes cost (construction and maintenance) over the life of the structures without sacrificing safety or performance

5. RELIABILITY-BASED DESIGN

7. LIMIT STATES DESIGN AND WORKING STRESS DESIGN

8. TYPES OF LIMIT STATES ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES (ULS) :
states at which a potentially unsafe/dangerous condition is reached (typically structural failure, collapse, etc.)
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES (SLS) :
states at which the structure or facility ceases to perform as intended without loss of safety

9. Limit states for shallow foundation design
Nature of Limit State
Consequences
IA-1
Classical bearing capacity failure (ULS)
Excessive movement/collapse of foundation causes serious damage, partial collapse or complete collapse of structure
IA-2
Structural failure of foundation element (ULS)
Column is inadequately supported by foundation element, punching through it; this causes serious damage, partial or complete collapse of superstructure IB
Excessive differential foundation settlement (ULS)
Excessive differential settlements create excessive additional loads in the structure, leading to structural damage II
Excessive settlement (total or differential) (SLS)
Excessive settlements lead to serviceability problems, such as access problems, damage to architectural finishings, etc.
III
Stability failure of the whole foundation system or a subset thereof
Collapse mechanism develops that encompass the foundations for the building or structure or a part of the foundations (a classical example would be stability failure of a slope on top of which is founded a building)

10. Working Stress Design Ultimate load Design load Allowable load
Factor of Safety (FS)
All load and resistance uncertainities are lumped in this single factor
Ultimate load: the load that would lead to an ultimate limit state
Design or working load: the sum of the loads under consideration (unfactored)

12. ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES: LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN

14. TOLERABLE FOUNDATION MOVEMENTS

15. Types of Settlement Uniform Total Settlement Non-Uniform Settlement
Tilting

16. Uniform Total Settlement
No structural damage
Damage at interface with utilities
Access problems
Drainage problems

18. Non-Uniform Settlement
Structural
Cracking of beams/slabs/column
Architectural
Cracking of panel walls
Door/window jamming
Uneven Floors
Damage at interface with utility lines
Access and drainage problems
Excessive Tilting

22. Cracks Caused by Foundation Movement
May have any direction, depending on the direction of the tensile strain (cracks are  to the tensile strain)
At a specific point of the structure, cracks have the same direction (contrast that with the web pattern
observed in the case of shrinkage and drying)
Appear on both sides of an element

23. Typical Building Structures
Load Bearing Walls
Frames