2. Sound Part II How do instruments make sound?

3. Well we already know that sound is a vibration. We have learned what sound looks like, and how sound changes amplitude and pitch.

4. So, how do instruments make sound? How do they change the pitch, and amplitude of the sound that they create?

5. There are four different types of instruments: Percussion Strings Brass Winds

6. Although they all look and sound different, they all have one thing in common, they vibrate.

7. But where they are different is how they vibrate and how the instrument resonates the sound.

8. When an instrument resonates a sound, the material it is made from vibrates a certain way, producing a particular tone, or pitch.

9. Different materials will resonate in different ways. Such as brass and steel. Although they are both metals, they sound very different when they vibrate.

10. The same is true for organic material such as wood. Organic means it is grown. Wood is a very popular material to make instruments out of… http://www.alliedlutherie.com/weekly5.htm

11. And you guessed it… different types of wood resonate differently, thus making different sounds.

12. So if I make two guitars exactly the same, but one made of mahogany and the other cherry, they will have subtle differences in the way they sound. http://www.fretnfiddle.com/pages/fretwork.htm

13. So what is making the vibration with in the instrument itself? Well each instrument family works in a different way.

14. Let’s look at the percussion family first. When we hit the top of the drum we make the drum head vibrate, and it creates a sound.

15. This model shows us how the drum head vibrates after you strike it with a stick, or your hand. Dr. Dan Russell Acoustics Animations

16. As the head moves up and down it creates a deep sound. The sound resonates along the wood barrel, and the sound comes out the bottom.

17. Some drums can change there pitch by striking the head in different places. But they are limited as to what sounds they can produce.

18. The String Family

19. Hitting a drum with a stick makes a great sound. However hitting a string instrument will not give you the same result.

20. Striking or hitting is only one way to create a sound.

21. The string family uses a method of rubbing or plucking to produce beautiful sounds.

22. Violins and Cellos are two instruments that are played by rubbing a bow over steel strings.

23. A guitar is not played with a bow, instead we use a pick to pluck or strum the strings.

24. Once the string is vibrating, the sound resonates into the wooden base around it. The sound bounces around the inside and comes out of the hole in the center of the instrument. www.phys.unsw.edu.au/music

25. Note these two little pieces of wood. They are called a bridge. They are located at each end of the instrument. Bridge

26. It is the job of the bridge to keep the string off of the guitar base. This allows the string to vibrate with out rubbing on the instrument. Bridge www.phys.unsw.edu.au/music

27. With out the bridge the string would vibrate for only an instant before the friction would stop the vibration. Bridge www.phys.unsw.edu.au/music

28. The string instruments can change their pitch to any note you want to play, simply by pushing down on a string on the neck of the instrument.

29. When you push down on the string you shorten its length, thus making the string vibrate at a faster rate.

30. The faster the string vibrates the higher the pitch. The slower the lower the pitch.

31. So in other words, when you push down on a string you shorten the length so it vibrates faster, thus making the sound a higher in pitch.

32. Winds and Brass

33. Reed instruments, like the saxophone, or clarinet use a “reed” to create the vibration.

34. The reed vibrates when the musician blows through it. www.phys.unsw.edu.au/music

35. You hit the percussion instruments, pluck, strum, or bow string instruments; and you blow through a reed to play a saxophone. So how does a flute make noise?

36. Flutes use the air itself to vibrate.

37. When the musician blows into the bore of the flute. It causes the air to compress and vibrate, as it alternates going in and out of the flute. Bore of the flute The air jet alternates going in and out of the bore. Players Lips www.phys.unsw.edu.au/music

38. Wind instruments change their pitch by covering holes in the pipe. When the holes are covered it shortens the length of the pipe that the vibration can resonate in. Open Closed www.phys.unsw.edu.au/music

39. The shorter the length of the pipe used, the higher the pitch. Closed www.phys.unsw.edu.au/music

40. The longer the length of the pipe, the lower the pitch. Look at the difference between the wave lengths, of the two flutes. Which one has the lower pitch? Lower

41. Brass

42. No reads to blow, no strings to pluck, no skins to hit, nothing but brass. Musicians just don’t blow into a trumpet... They Buzz!

43. A buzz of the lips that is. When the musician buzzes his lips into the mouth piece it creates the vibration. The vibration then resonates throughout the instrument.

44. Brass instruments change their pitch much the same way wind instruments do. They change the distance the vibration travels before it leaves the end.

45. Most brass instruments have a system of valves that shorten or increase the path of the sound on its way out.

46. Again the shorter the distance the higher the pitch. The longer the lower!

47. Trombones use a slide that increases and shortens the distance within the tubes.

48. When you put all the instruments together it sounds something like this...

49. Using these words tell how each of the following instruments produces its vibration Its time to play...

50. Traditional Indonesian Drum

51. The alboka is a double hornpipe or clarinet native to the Basque region of Northern Spain.

52. Two European pan flutes

53. Oh look... There is the bow!

54. shofar is a ram's horn that is used as a musical instrument for religious purposes. It is used on Judaism's high holy days of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. The shofar originated in Israel for Jewish callings.

55. The hammered dulcimer is a stringed musical instrument with the strings stretched over a trapezoidal sounding board.

56. A Bell is usually an open-ended hollow drum which resonates upon being struck. The striking implement can be a tongue suspended within the bell, known as a clapper.

57. The Ghaychak or Ghijak is a round- bodied musical instrument with 3 or 4 metal strings and a short fretless neck

58. The bugle is one of the simplest brass instruments; it is essentially a small natural horn with no valves. All pitch control is done by varying the player's embouchure, since the bugle has no other mechanism for controlling pitch

59. Steel Drum originating in the twin island state of Trinidad & Tobago located in the Caribbean.

60. Criteria Over and Above + 1-5 Extra Points Exceeds Standards Meets Standards Below Standards My Mom and/or Dad did it Creativity 60% Stradivarius Reincarnate + ______pts Les Paul Wept 60 pts Yamaha couldn’t’ have built it better 59-50 _____ pts Rocks in a coke bottle... a timeless tradition 49-1_____ pts And they did a great job too! Zero pts Quality of Sound 20% Perfect Pitch + ______pts Finely Tuned 20 pts Eight notes make an octave 19-15___ pts Slightly out of tune 14-1____ pts Wow, and it sounds great too! Zero pts Quality of Work 20% Made by a Grandmaster Craftsman + ______pts Exquisite Workmanship 20 pts Looks Great 19-15__ pts The paint was still wet 14-1____ pts Dad did a great job with the band saw Zero pts Manual Optional 10% What can I say, perfection squared + ______pts Letter perfect 10 pts Short and sweet 9 pts Printed off of the web or poorly written 8-1 _____pts Embossed typeface, nice touch Mom Zero pts

61. Home Work: Go home and look at your instrument, does it have what it needs to have? Does it have a resonance chamber? What vibrates? What amplifies the sound? Can you change the pitch? Can you change the tone? If you can’t... SOUND PROJECT IS DUE THURSDAY DECEMBER 17 TH

63. Additional Images from ??? Used with permission And www.Animationfactory.com Bought and Paid for I am not a salesman and do not get commission, I do how ever endorse this site and their graphics. I would not be able to make a good Power Point with out them. It is worth every penny.

64. Teacher Lecture Notes This is a straight forward introduction to sound. Follow up this lesson with tuning forks. Allow students to explore with them after they have been instructed how to use them. Ask the question: How can you hear it best? (pointing the tines at your ear) How can you hear it the longest? (Placing the base of the fork on your skull) Can you hear through your elbow? (Place the base of the fork on the big bone in your elbow, while with the connected arm, place a finger in your ear.) Have fun!!!

65. Usage Information This Power Point has been designed to correlate with the Fourth Grade Georgia Professional Standards or GPS for the 2006 – 2007 School year and beyond. Any Teacher using this Power Point for educational purposes may do so with out worry of monetary reimbursement, and with my full blessing. (We have to buy enough stuff already ) I would appreciate that the credit be given to any and all participants in the making of this power point. I hope you use them well and enjoy them with your students. If you have any suggestions or comments regarding this or any of my Power Point Presentations please email me at David.Eichler@Cobbk12.org. Anyone using this Power Point outside of the classroom, for personal gain, or profit will need to get my personal approval, in writing. I have put 100’s of hours into the production of these presentations over the years. I have created them for the students in our classrooms, not for fortune, or fame. I hope that you do not take advantage of this work for personal gain. Please do not make changes to this Power Point other then the correction of a grammatical, or punctuation error.David.Eichler@Cobbk12.org