1. introduction to the philosophy of mind

2. epistemology episteme knowledge

3. metaphysics after Physics matter, substances, causation

5. I am, I exist, is necessarily true each time it is expressed by me, or conceived in my mind… But I do not yet know with sufficient clearness what I am, though assured that I am; and hence, in the next place, I must take care, lest perchance I inconsiderately substitute some other object in room of what is properly myself, and thus wander from truth…

6. What am I?

7. An essential feature is a part of what makes something what it is (so the thing in question couldn’t exist without it).

8. Let us pass, then, to the attributes of the soul… Thinking is [an] attribute of the soul; and here I discover what properly belongs to myself. This alone is inseparable from me. I am--I exist: this is certain; but how often? As often as I think… I am therefore, precisely speaking, only a thinking thing, that is, a mind.

9. A mind is something that thinks.

10. As regarded the body, I did not even doubt of its nature, but thought I distinctly knew it, and if I had wished to describe it… I should have explained myself in this manner: By body I understand all that can be terminated by a certain figure; that can be comprised in a certain place, and so fill a certain space as therefore to exclude every other body…

11. A material body is something that occupies space. A mind is something that thinks.

14. Materialism: Human persons are wholly material—every part of a person, including the mind, is a material body. Dualism : Human persons are not wholly material—they have both material bodies and immaterial minds.

15. Nature likewise teaches me by these sensations of pain, hunger, thirst, etc., that I am not only lodged in my body as a pilot in a vessel, but that I am besides so intimately conjoined, and as it were intermixed with it, that my mind and body compose a certain unity. For if this were not the case, I should not feel pain when my body is hurt, seeing I am merely a thinking thing, but should perceive the wound by the understanding alone, just as a pilot perceives by sight when any part of his vessel is damaged…

16. Interactionism: Minds and bodies enter into direct, two-way causal interactions. Dualism : Human persons are not wholly material—they have both material bodies and immaterial minds. Cartesian Dualism: Dualism + Interactionism.

18. In conclusion, I have here enlarged a little on the subject of the soul, because it is one of the greatest importance. For next to the error of those who deny God… there is none which is more effectual in leading feeble spirits from the straight path of virtue, than to imagine that the soul of the brute is of the same nature as our own, and that in consequence, after this life we have nothing to fear or to hope for, any more than the flies and ants.