1. Multiple Causes of Food Insecurity: Multiple Regression Analysis Reference: Gujarati (2004)

2. THE THREE-VARIABLE MODEL

5. Maternal education and community characteristics as indicators of nutritional status of children – application of multivariate regression 5Nutritional Status of Children

6. Main results Step 1: Estimating the coefficients of the model(Table 10.2,10.3). Step 2: Examining how good the model predicts(Table 10.4,10.5). Step 3: Hypotheses testing. Tests about the equation(Table 10.6,10.7). Tests about individual coefficients(Table 10.8,10.9). Part and partial correlation coefficients. Step 4: Checking for violations of regression assumptions. Checking normality of the errors(Table 10.10,Figure 10.1,10.2). Checking for homogeneity of variance of the residuals(Figure 10.3,10.4). 6Nutritional Status of Children

7. Empirical analysis 7Nutritional Status of Children

8. Empirical analysis Data description and methodology 8Nutritional Status of Children

9. Table 10.1 Means and standard deviations of variables: Malawi sample Variables MeanStandard deviation BFEEDNEW 1.570.49 DIARRHEA 0.160.37 CALREQ 0.320.47 ATTCLINI 1.320.59 AGEMNTH 27.2916.28 CLINFEED 2.294.57 DRINKDST 1.981.39 EDUCSPOUS 2.231.30 LATERINE 0.400.49 PXFD 9.009.85 9Nutritional Status of Children

10. Table 10.2 Determinants of weight for age Z-scores VariablesModel 1Model 2 CoefficientsStd. errorCoefficientsStd. error Constant-3.030.504-2.930.492 EDUCSPOUS0.1730.0580.1560.057 ATTCLINI0.4390.1440.4390.142 DRINKDST-0.1430.051-0.1470.05 LATERINE0.1340.152 0.148 PXFD0.0090.008 AGEMNTH-0.0840.021-0.0880.021 AGESQ0.0010.00030.0010.0003 CLINFEED0.7170.1810.6990.179 DIARRHEA-0.6080.201-0.6200.198 BFEEDNEW0.6640.2260.6250.224 CALREQ0.5660.212 HEALTDST-0.0940.071-0.060.072 10Nutritional Status of Children

11. Table 10.3 Determinants of height for age Z-scores VariablesModel 1Model 2 CoefficientsStd. errorCoefficientsStd. error Constant-2.1590.677-2.5640.685 EDUCSPOUS0.0480.0720.1060.074 ATTCLINI0.5140.180.4020.177 DRINKDST-0.0240.064-0.0180.062 LATERINE0.0720.1920.1140.185 PXFD0.0140.01 AGEMNTH-0.0910.034-0.0940.034 AGESQ0.0010.00040.00090.0004 CLINFEED0.6860.2270.7610.224 DIARRHEA-0.8290.261-0.9320.260 BFEEDNEW0.1490.3050.1740.299 INSECURE0.2520.085 HEALTDST-0.1060.092-0.1270.091 11Nutritional Status of Children

12. Equations to predict the weight for age Z-scores for model 1 12Nutritional Status of Children

13. Table 10.4 Summary of the model for determinants of weight for age Z-scores ModelsRR2R2 Adjusted R 2 Std. error of the estimate 10.4880.2380.2031.09 20.5060.2560.2221.079 13Nutritional Status of Children

14. Table 10.5 Summary of the model for determinants of height for age Z-scores ModelsRR2R2 Adjusted R 2 Std. error of the estimate 1 0.4180.1740.131.285 20.4480.2010.1571.265 14Nutritional Status of Children

15. Table 10.6 Analysis of variance table for weight for age Z-scores Models Sum of Squares dfMean SquareFSig IRegression89.139118.1046.7970 Residual284.9362391.192 Total374.075250 IIRegression95.757118.7057.4750 Residual278.3182391.165 Total374.075250 15Nutritional Status of Children

16. Table 10.7 Analysis of variance table for height for age Z-scores Models Sum of Squares dfMean SquareFSig IRegression70.948116.453.9010.00 Residual335.6492031.653 Total406.597214 IIRegression81.525117.4114.6280.00 Residual325.0722031.601 Total406.597214 16Nutritional Status of Children

17. Table 10.8 Tests of individual coefficients for determinants of weight for age Z-scores VariablesModel 1Model 2 t-statP valuet-statP value Constant-6.0160.000-5.9560.000 EDUCSPOUS2.987*0.0032.70*0.007 ATTCLINI3.047*0.0033.102*0.002 DRINKDST-2.817*0.005-2.938*0.004 LATERINE0.8820.3781.030.304 PXFD1.1850.237 AGEMNTH-4.041*0.000-4.282*0.00 AGESQ3.096*0.0023.386*0.001 CLINFEED3.966*0.0003.911*0.00 DIARRHEA-3.018*0.003-3.126*0.002 BFEEDNEW 2.935*0.0042.791*0.006 CALREQ2.668*0.008 HEALTDST-1.320.188-0.8510.396 Note: * denotes at 1 per cent level of significance. 17Nutritional Status of Children

18. Table 10.9 Tests of individual coefficients for determinants of height for age Z-scores VariablesModel 1Model 2 t-statP valuet-statP value Constant-3.1870.002-3.7450.000 EDUCSPOUS0.6610.5091.4370.152 ATTCLINI2.863*0.0052.273**0.024 DRINKDST-0.370.712-0.2860.775 LATERINE0.3750.7080.6150.539 PXFD1.4790.141 AGEMNTH-2.642*0.009-2.78*0.006 AGESQ1.949**0.0532.022**0.044 CLINFEED3.018*0.0033.394*0.001 DIARRHEA-3.171*0.002-3.584*0.00 BFEEDNEW0.4890.6250.5800.563 INSECURE 2.977*0.003 HEALTDST-1.150.252-1.3950.164 Note: * denotes at 1 per cent level of significance, ** denotes at 5 per cent level of significance. 18Nutritional Status of Children

19. Table 10.10 Part and partial correlation coefficients for weight for age and height for age VariablesWeight for ageHeight for age Part correlationPartial correlationPart correlationPartial correlation EDUCSPOUS0.1690.190.0420.046 ATTCLINI0.1720.1930.1830.197 DRINKDST-0.159-0.179-0.024-0.026 LATERINE0.050.0570.0240.026 PXFD0.0670.0760.0940.103 AGEMNTH-0.228-0.253-0.168-0.182 AGESQ0.1750.1960.1240.136 CLINFEED0.2240.2480.1920.207 DIARRHEA-0.17-0.192-0.202-0.217 BFEEDNEW0.1660.1870.0310.034 HEALTDST-0.075-0.085-0.073-0.08 19Nutritional Status of Children

20. Figure 10.1 Histogram of standardized residuals of weight for age 20Nutritional Status of Children

21. Figure 10.2 Normal P-P plot of regression standardized residuals 21Nutritional Status of Children

22. Figure 10.3 Residuals plotted against predicted values for weight for age 22Nutritional Status of Children

23. Figure 10.4 Residuals plotted against predicted values for height for age 23Nutritional Status of Children