2. One Paradigm Naturalistic Philosophy (Pre-Socratics) Humanistic Period (From Socrates to death of Alexander) Hellenistic (death of Aristotle to death of Augustine)

3. Hellenic vs. Hellenistic Hellenic – Greek thinkers Hellenistic – Growing synthesis of Greek & Roman thought

4. Hellenistic Philosophy Stoicism Hedonism (Cyrenaicsism, Epicureanism) Cynicism Skepticism Neo-Platonism

5. Philosophical Origins Epicureanism grew out of Cyrenaicsism Stoicism grew out of Cynicism

6. Epicureanism The Cyrenaic School Pleasure is the highest good Aristippus – “Let us eat, drink, and be merry for tomorrow we may die.” Get all the bodily pleasure you can now. Tomorrow might not come. This crude, sensual hedonism was actually countered by Epicurus

7. Epicurus (341-270 BC) Founds his own university in Athens – “The Garden” Pleasure is the highest good, but Pleasures differ in duration Pleasures differ in intensity Pleasures of the body and pleasures of the mind Pleasures of the body must be preceded by some form of pain (hunger, thirst, desire, etc) Overindulgence always results in pain

8. Advocate of Common Sense If pleasure is the greatest good, then the greatest evil is pain. Maximize pleasure AND minimize pain Imagine a partying student from Baylor 100 units of pleasure, 200 units of pain Epicurus would dismiss him as a disgrace to Hedonism

9. A Good Hedonist Will Live a life of moderation and temperance Consider the future

10. Hedonism Countered Plato If there is such a thing as an evil pleasure then there must be a higher standard than pleasure Aristotle Pleasure is just one element in a well-rounded life The paradox of hedonism The single-minded pursuit of pleasure is always self-defeating The more you seek pleasure the less you will receive The best way to get pleasure is to forget pleasure and focus your attention on other things

11. Cynicism – Predecessors of Stoics Cynicism = dogism Live according to nature Contempt for the conventions of society Diogenes Lived in a bath tub Carried lantern into Athens in daylight Featherless Biped Alexander the Great Convicted of counterfeiting

12. Stoicism Early Stoicism – Zeno of Citium Middle Stoicism - Chrysippus Later Stoicism – Seneca, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius

13. Stoic Metaphysics Materialism – everything is matter in motion Pantheism – the matter is divine Heraclitianism – there is a cosmic fire behind it all Fatalism – not to be confused with Calvinism Christian determinist believe that ends and means should not be separated

14. Epictetus "Freedom is secured not by the fulfilling of one's desires, but by the removal of desire." (iv.1.175) "Where is the good? In the will. Where is the evil? In the will. Where is neither of them? In those things which are independent of the will." (ii.16.1) "Man is disturbed not by things, but by the views he takes of them." (Ench. 5)

15. “Be anxious for nothing” What is the difference between the quote of Epictetus on page 366 and Philippians 4:5-8? Cleanthes analogy of the dog tied behind a cart …

16. Epicureans vs. Stoics Epicureans = Polytheists, Stoics=Pantheists Epicureans=Hedonism ; Stoics=Live according to nature Fate Epicureans=Indeterminists, Stoics=Determinists Cleanthes story of dog tied to cart Epicureans=Empiricists, Stoics=Empiricists

17. Regarding the 2 nd Test, what is within your control? (pirates who don’t do anything)