1. Rohit Lal, Hailey Parker, Rachel Bouvier, Spenser Stites
WWI-WWII
Rohit Lal, Hailey Parker, Rachel Bouvier, Spenser Stites

2. Pre-war America
After split in Republican Party due to Roosevelt and Taft’s “outbreak” over Republican nomination in Chicago, Democrats, who haven’t had office since 1897, had an excellent chance to win with their new reformist leader, Woodrow Wilson
Wilson wins the election of 1912 as a result of Roosevelt’s split; has less votes than Taft/Roosevelt combined

3. Woodrow Wilson
Nominated for governor by New Jersey political bosses because he was respectable
Once he became governor, his incredible leadership power made him immediately popular, people spoke of making him president
Promoted “New Freedom” which favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and free functioning of unregulated and unmonopolized markets. Focused on economic reform to fix social issues

4. Wilson in Office
Even before arriving in office, Wilson already knew what he wanted to do
Focused on an all out assault on “the triple wall of privilege”: the tariff, the banks, and the trusts
First focused on tariff by passing the Underwood Tariff Bill to reduce tariff rates substantially. Reduced import fees drastically

5. Wilson in Office
The recent 16th Amendment allowed Congress to pass a graduated income tax, which, by 1917, generated more revenue than tariffs.
Wilson next focused on the inadequate banking system still based on the Civil War era National Banking Act
Wilson, in 1913, signed the Federal Reserve Act which revolutionized the banking system by enacting a series of government controlled banks called “Federal Reserves” which existed to fix any possible issues which come up by increasing money in circulation

6. Wilson in Office
Finally Wilson focused on taming the trusts. Wilson’s work against trusts started with the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 which empowered a commission to randomly search various commerce based companies such as meatpackers
Wilson also passed the the Clayton Anti-Trust Act which extended the Sherman Act’s list of acts deemed “trustworthy.”

7. Wilson’s Progressivism
Wilson also focused on progressivism like the last few presidents had been. Influenced by the Populists, he made credit available to farmers at low interest rates through the Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916
The Warehouse Act of 1916 authorized loans on the staple crops, also influenced by the Populists
Wilson knew that, in order to win the election of 1916, he needed to be the “Progressive Candidate.”

8. Wilson’s Foreign Policy
Wilson hated both Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” ideology and Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy.” He immediately proclaimed that the government would no longer provide Latin America and China with special support
He also repealed the Panama Canal Tolls Act which had previously exempted America from shipping tolls in the Canal
Wilson’s attempts at neutrality was threatened as he was forced to send American troops to Haiti when American property there was threatened by Haitian revolutionaries

9. Meanwhile… Revolutions in Mexico were taking place as well
Wilson tried to keep us out, but was forced into it when a group of American sailors was arrested in Mexico.
Even though they immediately apologized, Wilson was determined to eliminate the Mexican leader.
Recklessly ordering the navy to attack Vera Cruz, Wilson was saved from war when Huerta collapsed due to pressure from Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. Ruined relationship with Mexico for a long time.

10. Shots Fired in Europe
Meanwhile, while Wilson was focused on taming the dominant trusts, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated by a Serbian patriot.
The result was a huge chain reaction, starting with Russia backing Serbia, and Germany attacking France through Belgium. The English, scared that the assault on Belgium opened them up to an invasion from Germany, was forced to back up France

11. Shots Fired in Europe
Almost overnight, Europe was locked into a huge war, pitting the Central Powers: Germany Austria-Hungary, and later Turkey and Bulgaria, against the Allies: France, Britain, Russia, and later Japan and Italy
Americans were extremely thankful that they were out of Europe and separated by an ocean.
Wilson, whose wife had also recently died, issued neutrality and called for Americans to stay neutral in thought.

12. American Thoughts on War
Most Americans were anti-German, due to their autocratic styles
They were against Kaiser Wilhelm II’s bellicose invasion through the neutral state of Belgium.
Many Germans and Austrians in America sabotaged industry work and fought against America.
Even though most Americans were pro-Ally, they almost all wanted to stay out of the horrid war.

13. American Recession
When Europe first broke into fighting , America was broke
America was free to trade with both sides of the war, and would have if not for English blockades on Atlantic German ports
American trade with the desperate English and French helped boost us out of recession
Germans were angry about getting the short end of the stick from supposedly America, so they sent deadly U-Boats , or submarines, at American ships

14. American Neutrality Threatened
German U-boats succeeded in angering the Americans.
The ship ignored previous rules of naval warfare by sinking ships without warning
The Lusitania, a British passenger ship carrying 1200 people and 128 Americans, was sunk, leaving all of them dead. After the Lusitania was sunk by Germans, Americans started considering fighting back, but Wilson stood by neutrality, instead settling with a deal made with Germany which forced them to stop sinking innocent ships without warning

15. Election of 1916
Teddy Roosevelt was again nominated by the Progressives, but refused to run for president due to his pure hatred of Wilson
The Republicans nominated Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans. Had a bad habit of flipping his views based on the views of the people he was speaking to
The Democrats nominated Wilson again, who fought on an anti-war campaign.
Wilson won the election barely, with the electoral college votes tallying 277/254

16. Americans Forced to Fight
On January 31, 1917, the Germans declared they would sink all ships, including American ones, in the war zone.
Germans couldn’t afford to have to make the distinction between combatants and noncombatants
Americans also intercepted the Zimmerman note, a note written by German foreign secretary Andrew Zimmerman, proposing a secret Mexican-German Alliance in hopes of taking back Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona

17. Americans Forced to Fight
One last reason America was hesitant to fight was Russia
Americans didn’t want to fight alongside Russia, as fighting for democracy alongside the czars of Russia would be hypocritical
When the Bolsheviks overthrew the cruel czars, America felt more comfortable fighting with the Allies
Americans finally forced to declare war on April 6, 1917

18. Neutrality Overthrown
American people were still very anti-war even though Wilson felt it was necessary
This resulted in a lot of pro-war propaganda by the government and by a man named George Creel
Creel organized closed to 150,000 people, half of which who were sent around the nation delivering speeches about the war, to generate support for the war
Extremely successful

19. Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Wilson organized 14 points which he delivered enthusiastically to Congress
The first 5, the most relevant, involved abolition of secret treaties, freedom of the seas, removal of economic barriers post-war, armament reductions, and colonial readjustment
Wilson’s last point foreshadowed his planned League of Nations, an international organization for peace

20. American Factories
Americans were, even though notified heavily, not fully prepared for war
Shipbuilding factories and other attempts at growing the American army, relatively small compared to the other powers of the war, grew extremely relevant
American labor unions also effected the war drastically
While AF of L, the largest labor union of the time, supported the war, others didn’t, and acted extremely radically

21. American Workers
In 1919, the greatest strike in American history rocked the steel industry
Over 250,000 American steelworkers went on strike in hopes of forcing employers to recognize the right of workers to organize and bargain as a group
Steel companies resisted and hired cheap labor, African Americans, to replace the workers
After the strike collapsed, the union movement was ruined for decades

22. Suffrage Fights Women were also ferociously active during the war time
Many progressive-era women were pacifists, and thus, anti-war by nature
The women were seemingly successful as Wilson proclaimed suffrage for women a “vitally necessary war measure.”
In 1920, women were given the right to vote through the 19th Amendment

23. War Economy at Home
Families at home were encouraged to help the war effort by partaking in “heatless Mondays, lightless nights, and gasless Sundays” to preserve fuel
Herbert Hoover, the leader of the Food Administration and the war effort at home, preferred to take an approach asking for voluntary aid rather than forcing Americans to help

24. War Censorship
The war also prompted a time of extreme government censorship
Random German-Americans were occasionally beaten
The Espionage Act of 1917, and the Sedition Act of 1918, were used to justify picking out Socialist Americans and prosecuting them
In the case of Schenck v. United States, the Supreme Court affirmed the legality of these acts by arguing that freedom of speech could be revoked when the speech posed a threat to the nation

25. Bulking up our army
Wilson was very anti-draft, and was extremely hesitant to submit to one but did eventually send a bill proposing one through Congress when he realized it was necessary.
The draft was extremely effective in bulking up America in time for fights
For the first time in American history, women served in the war.
African Americans were also accepted to fight, but only in segregated units under white leaders

26. Fighting in France
The Germans predicted accurately how unready America was for war
They knew how small our military was, and that if we were able to make one, it would take forever to get it to Europe
Once American troops made it to France, they helped fight back German invasions
American troops also fought in Belgium, Italy, and Russia, in order to keep these states from falling to Germany
Germany’s invasion into France was a huge threat, as it was 40 miles from Paris, the capital. American soldiers, having finally arrived, were able to help the French hold off the Germans.

27. Victory in Sight
With the help of the Americans, Europe was able to hold down the seemingly unstoppable German Juggernaut
Even though the Americans did help fight on the battlefield, the main role of Wilson was to be a moral leader for the world
Germans were ready to surrender as blockades led to food shortages and their allies were limiting
On November 11th, 1918, the Germans officially surrendered
The Americans main role was sending supplies, such as oil, food, and ammunition to the Allies in need, as well as fighting alongside the Allies as a secondary

28. The Paris Peace Conference
Wilson’s decision to go to Paris angered Republicans and neglected to include a single Republican Senator in his peace delegation, even though Congress was mainly Republican
Henry Cabot Lodge was put on the team by angry Republicans, and he and Wilson were immediate enemies
A treaty needed to be decided upon quickly, as Bolshevik Russia was leaking communism into the rest of Europe and was causing Europeans to break out into anarchy
Wilson’s ultimate goal was a world peace group known as the League of Nations

29. Territorial Issues
An issue that came with making peace was the issue of territories
Wilson’s 14 points were very anti-colonization, but lots of conquered territory is to come out of any war, especially one as large as this one
Territories on the borders of France and Germany were highly contested, as well as Middle Eastern state that had managed to get involved in the war
Wilson’s self-determination ideals angered other leaders. Leaders weren’t able to keep territories that were “rightfully” theirs due to Wilson’s attempts at compromise

30. The Finished Result
The finished Treaty of Versailles was sent to the Germans in June of 1919
Germans were outraged at the sanctions placed on them as a result of their failures, and Hitler would soon meet the demands of the German people, whether or not it obeyed the treaty.
When Wilson returned, views were very split on the treaty
Some thought it too harsh, while others thought it not harsh enough. Regardless, Wilson’s treaty dealings lowered his popularity amongst the people drastically

31. League of Nations Issues
Wilson’s propositions were immediately shot down by Republicans
While most of Senate, Republican or Democrat, agreed that the League of Nations was a good idea, it was simply too hard to come up with an agreement on the terms of the proposal
The main issue was that the League of Nations forced the US into a binding agreement that, if any other country committed an act of aggression, the US would help fight against the aggressor. This pact took away Congress’ power to declare war
The League of Nations eventually failed to pass, as Wilson was too stubborn to let the League of Nations pass with the edits and told all the Democrats in Congress to vote no, and Lodge was too stubborn to let it pass without

32. The Election of 1920
Senator Warren G. Harding was nominated by the Republicans with Calvin Coolidge
Governor James M. Cox of Ohio is nominated by the Democrats with Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Eugene V Debs nominated by Socialist Party
Harding easily wins the election, Debs wins most votes ever for Socialist leader

33. Prejudice in America
The Red Scare began in America around , and many labor strikes were viewed as Russian anarchy
Communists were arrested by General A. Mitchell Palmer, saw red too easily
Two men arrested for murder, are electrocuted due to their race, religion, and history as draft dodgers. Expressed prejudice in court systems
A new KKK spawned, against Catholicism, blacks, and Communism, and Judaism. They committed many violent acts against these groups of people, which influenced Americans greatly

34. Immigration Restrictions
Immigrants coming from war-torn countries, close to 400,000 a year
The Emergency Quota Act of 1921, which halted immigration from Europe
Replaced by the Immigration Act of 1924, which made quotas country by country to freeze the current racial composition of America
Completely cut off Japanese, and exempted Canada and most of Latin America

35. Prohibition
Last motion of progressive movement, passed in 1919 under the 18th Amendment
Didn’t actually ban possession of alcohol, just purchasing or selling of alcohol
Actually increased alcoholism, liquor bootlegging
Not a complete failure as it discouraged absenteeism and increased bank savings
Caused lots of crime/gangs
Al Capone, a murderous liquor dealer, ran a huge gang in Chicago and later Brooklyn
Gangsters moved to prostitution, gambling, and narcotics
Prohibition ended in 1933

36. Evolution Issues
Teachers are getting yelled at for teaching evolution around the country
Famous case called Scopes Trial, where teacher named John T. Scopes is indicted in Tennessee for teaching evolution
Fights between theology and biology prove to go nowhere, but Fundamentalists look foolish for the absurd trial

37. Cars
As prosperity roared in the 20s, people bought more and more cars until it became a necessity to own one
The car, once a luxury reserved for the wealthy, was now owned by everyone
Henry Ford’s Model T was put introduced in 1908, but was too expensive for an average citizen
By 1920, most workers were able to own one, and in 1929, 26 million cars were registered in the US

38. Airplanes
Cars brought along a big push for gasoline, and gasoline allowed for more advanced transportation technologies
While the first airplane was flown in 1903, five years before the Model T was released, the technology was able to take off in the 20s when oil became very commonplace
Charles A. Lindbergh flew his plane, The Spirit of St. Louis, across the Atlantic, from NY to Paris
By the 1930s and 40s, travel on air became common for many Americans, and safe enough as well

39. Radio
Even faster than airplanes were radio waves. Radio waves first were used for communication in 1890, but weren’t used avidly until WW1 when radio was necessary for long-range communication
Radio knitted the nation together through captivating shows and important news broadcasts

40. Movies
Hollywood first came into existence in 1903, when the first movie, The Great Train Robbery, was released
In 1915, a movie which glorified the KKK of the Reconstruction days was released, known as, The Birth of a Nation.
These two movies, two of the first major story movies, are classic movies

41. Lifestyle Changes A major lifestyle change was shown through women
A sexual freedom came about
Women cut their hair, wore one-piece bathing suits and dresses
Dr. Sigmund Freud argued that sexual repression caused emotional ills, and that this sexual freedom was doing a good for society
Racial pride emerges
Marcus Garvey found UNIA to promote blacks to resettle their African homelands

42. Foreshadowing the Depression
Even during the boom of the 20s, banks were failing daily
Speculation ran wild
Debt skyrockets under Wilson from 1.2 million in 1914 to 24 million in 1921
Burdensome wartime taxes still an issue on many

43. President Harding
Harding, like Ulysses S. Grant, couldn’t tell when people were being dishonest
His gang of friends that he appointed, called the Ohio Gang, was very corrupt
Harding, as a friend of theirs, didn’t want to disappoint them
Harding was a good guy, but a bad president
Harding appointed 4 of the 9 Supreme Court Justices
Most of them were bad choices except for ex-president Taft who helped keep the rest in line
The Supreme Court killed landmark labor laws, child-labor laws, and stripped women of their special protection in the workplace
Corporations had the power to expand under Harding’s lax rules and ignoring of anti-trust laws

44. Foreign Issues
Disarmament Conference of : Invitations to all the Naval Powers, except Bolshevik Russia who the US refused to officially recognize as a government
Secretary Hughes proposed that England/America/Japan scale down their navies at a 5:5:3 ratio respectively.
The Five-Power Naval Treaty of 1922 embodied Hughes’ ideas on ship ratios
Pact between Japan, France, Britain, and the US made to preserve the status quo of the pacific. Known as the Four-Power Treaty

45. Tariffs
In 1922, Congress passed the comprehensive Fordney-McCumber Tariff boosted the average tariff rate from 27% to 39%
Harding was much more friendly to tariff increases than reductions, authorizing 32 upward changes on various commodities
The high tariff resulted in high European tariffs lowering global trade
The whole circle of raising tariffs to compete internationally helped Hitler get to power

46. Scandals
The loose morality of the Harding Era manifested itself quickly through many scandals
In 1923, Colonel Charles R. Forbes, was caught stealing money from the government, close to $200 million stolen by him and accomplices
Teapot Dome Scandal, involved the president receiving a bribe to help transfer invaluable oil to the wrong hands for money
The president dies to pneumonia and thrombosis before the scandals could catch up to him

47. Calvin Coolidge Takes over upon Harding’s death
Extremely shy, gave boring speeches
Slowly gave the Harding regime a badly needed moral fumigation
His honesty helped get rid of the dishonesty of Harding and the scandals of his time

48. Election of 1924 Calvin Coolidge nominated by the Republicans
La Follette for the Progressive Party
John W. Davis for the Democrats
Coolidge and the Republicans easily win the election, with 250 electoral votes over Davis

49. Foreign Policy Under Coolidge
Senate wanted to remain isolationist, in contrast to Coolidge who wanted to purse naval disarmament further
Ended up not getting much done
Sent military expedition to Mexico when Mexico began to take its own oil resources back
Coolidge defused the crisis skillfully
Many countries in debt to us from WW1, America focused on getting it back
Germany, in huge amounts of debt, allowed its currency to inflate drastically
Dawes Plan of 1924, rescheduled German reparation payments and opened the way for American loans to Germany

50. Election of 1928
Coolidge bows out, Herbert Hoover succeeds him for the Republicans
Governor of New York Alfred E. Smith nominated for the Democrats
Hoover wins in a landslide, and Congress also remains Republican

51. President Herbert Hoover
President Hoover was previously a successful mining engineer and later businessman
He had never been in public office before in his life, and was bad at taking criticism
He did, however, have great integrity and humanitarianism which benefitted him in foreign policy as well as public speaking

52. Hoover in Office
Prosperity comes back, people have money in their pockets for a little in the late 20s
Soaring stocks
Riches benefitting everyone except farmers
The Agricultural Marketing Act, passed by Congress in June 1929, was designed to help farmers help themselves by setting up a large farm board with money to loan to farmers as they needed
Hawley-Smoot Tariff passed in order to help farmers, but went through so many changes in Congress while people went through it, it ended up being the largest protective tariff in our nation’s peacetime history

53. Black Tuesday and the Crash
When Hoover was first elected into office, the economy seemed very bright
However in October of 1929, a great crash came triggered partially by the British increase in interest rates
On October 29, 1929, 16.4 million stocks sold in a panic, Wall Street is ruined
By the end of 1929, stockholders lost 40 BILLION dollars, and foreclosures are everywhere

54. Causes? One major cause is overproduction in both farm and factory
Too much supply results in no demand, and low costs, meaning the farmers and factory workers aren’t getting paid what they need
International trade ruined by extremely high protective tariffs like the Hawley-Smoot Tariff
The Dust Bowl also ruined tons of farms in the Midwest, which spawned from a bad drought

55. Hoover’s Plans
Initially, he believed in rugged individualism, which was the idea that every man is for himself, and it is not the job of the government to provide welfare for struggling people
However, when he realized that this wouldn’t work, he developed a plan to help combat the Depression by assisting railroads, banks, rural credit corporations and other large companies in the hopes that if the top of financial pyramid was healthy, the rest would become healthy
Known as “Trickle Down Economics”
Hoover was unfairly criticized for his theories. Critics complained that his ideas only kept us in the depression, however instead, Hoover’s philosophies saved us from even worse crashes and paved the way for FDR’s New Deal

56. Execution of Plans
In line with trickle down economics, Hoover received 2.25 billion dollars to spend on these projects
He dammed the Colorado River, which created a huge man made lake used for electricity, irrigation, and flood control
Hoover also created the RFC, which provided indirect relief to big companies by priming loans. Widespread benefit, but made slightly too late to be perfect

57. Great Depression Effects Worldwide
Japan, across the world, took our depression as an opportunity to go on the aggressive by jumping into Manchuria and overrunning the province
The League of Nations was handicapped in fighting back, especially without America
After Japan bombs Shanghai, America makes informal boycotts of Japanese goods, mainly various knickknacks
No one wanted to fight yet during the Great Depression
Hoover also issued the Good Neighbor Policy to Latin America
His pact provided for complete withdrawal of American platoons by 1934

58. Election of 1932
During the campaign, the Democrats appealed to the common man and exuded confidence. They took the theme song of "Happy Days are Here Again" and one of his buzzwords was "confidence,“ while the Republicans used slogans like “The Worst is Past” and “It might have been Worse”
Franklin D. Roosevelt won against Hoover in a landslide of 472 votes to 59 notes in the electoral vote
Until this election, African American voters had been Republican. Now, it seems that Democratic party has appealed to these people, as most switched parties in this election
During Hoover’s lame duck period, unemployment was at 25%

59. Roosevelt’s Three R’s Relief- To aid with food and shelter
Recovery- To get out of the Great Depression
Reform- To ensure that the Depression would never happen again

60. The New Deal FDR’s plan for fighting the Great Depression
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)- Built dams for flood control and hydroelectric power in the Tennessee valley, created projects to combat erosion and deforestation
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)- Established state and federal parks projects, planting trees to combat erosion
Works Progress Administration (WPA)- Built roads, bridges, buildings, even provided money for art projects
Federal Relief Administration (FERA)- sought relief in the form of the dole (government hand-outs)
Home Owner’s Loan Corporation (HOLC)- refinanced people's home loans at lower interest rates

61. The New Deal
Emergency Banking Act- To help cut the panic in banks, FDR quickly issued a "bank holiday" which closed banks for one week
Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act- set up the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). It insured people's money in the bankup to $5,000. There was no need to fear losing one's money in the banks anymore
FDR took the nation’s dollar off the gold standard in order to create some inflation. By 1934, he reverted the nation back to the gold standard
Works Progress Administration (WPA)- $11 billion was spent building public facilities like bridges, public buildings, and roads

62. Nat. Recovery Admin. (NRA)
Set codes of "fair competition“ and set maximum work hours and minimum wages
Labor unions were given the right to organize and collectively bargain. Antiunion yellow-dog contracts were forbidden; child-labor was curbed
The NRA soon fell to unpopularity. Businesses hate running themselves in any way other than what's best for them (not with artificial restrictions)
Fell in 1935 when the Schnechtner case ruled that the NRA was unconstitutional
Led to the Public Works Admin. (PWA), which sought to build public works and infrastructure.

63. The New Deal on the Farm
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)- tried to help farmers by creating "artificial scarcity." It paid farmers to not farm, therefore reducing the supply. The Act was declared unconstitutional in 1936
Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act- paid farmers to plant crops that preserved and reinvigorated the soil, like soybeans
Second Agricultural Adjustment Act- Farmers were encouraged to plant less acreage in exchange for payments. Also paid farmers to not farm

64. The Dust Bowl of 1933
Caused by drought, wind, and dry-farming techniques
Affected mostly Oklahoma, Kansas, Texas
Resettlement Administration- tried to resettle farmers onto better soil
The CCC planted 200 million trees
Bureau of Indian Affairs- Tried to change the policies of the old Dawes Act (1887). It had tried to end tribes and the old ways of the Indians—to force Indians to become "white.” Once again worsened relations with Native Americans

65. Election of 1936
The Republicans nominated Alfred M. Landon, governor of Kansas, as candidate for president
Some Democrats joined Republicans to form the American Liberty League. It didn't like the "socialist" direction the New Deal was taking America
FDR was still very popular nonetheless, winning the election with 523 to 8 in the electoral vote

66. FDR escalates things quickly…
The London Conference was held in order to organize a coordinated international attack on the global depression as well as stabilize the values of various nations currencies and exchange rates
FDR was afraid that this agenda would tie his hands so in an effort not to jeopardize domestic recovery for the sake of international recovery he has the US withdraw from the negotiations
Due to this withdrawal an extreme trend toward nationalism began, this played nicely into the hands of DICTATORS

67. FDR’s Trade Efforts
In order to create good relations FDR creates the GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY
This was meant to renounce armed intervention, thus resulting in the removal of he marines from Haiti, a more relaxed hold on Panama and the release of Cuba from the Platt Amendment
The Reciprocal trade agreements act of 1934 was put in place based off the notion that trade was a “two way street”. These acts aimed at relief and recovery. This movement towards trade was headed by Sec of State Hull

68. Dictators USSR-Joseph Stalin (communism)
Italy-Benito Mussolini (fascist)
Germany-Adolf Hitler (NAZI)
Hitler posed the largest threat out of these men, and like Japan, was able to feed off of the country’s resentment of the Treaty of Versailles
1941-In response to doctorial power the US passes the Atlantic Charter which states that no territorial changes contrary to inhabitants wishes can be made, people should choose their own government, and disarmament and peace security

69. Isolationism
Due to the prevalent domestic issues during this time (stock market crash, debt, etc) , the citizens of American chose to look inward rather than outward and began to head down a path of isolationism.
The Hawley-Smoot Tariff further endorsed this behavior by making the topic of trade moot. Although this treaty took the eyes off of what was going on outside of the American Bubble, FDR did realize that it was forestalling economic recovery. Eventually it worked out so that individual nations could negotiate tariff rates (Reciprocal Trade Agreement)
As tensions grew in Europe and Asia the US sunk deeper into its isolated pit. The creation of the Johnson Debt Default Act fostered this ideal by preventing nations from borrowing further from the US
During the civil war in Spain the US refused to aid its military in fear of involvement
In an effort to maintain good relations FDR declared the GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY. This was the first step to us intervention, even though it did pull troops out of central America and he Caribbean.
When Britain became under attack of Hitler the American mindset finally began to change.

70. Neutrality
Congress became eager to create legislation that would keep the nation out of war, the solutions to this appeared to be the Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, an 1937
The conditions of these were no American on belligerent ships, the prohibition of selling/transporting munitions to belligerents as well as the prohibition of loans to belligerents
Due to the Neutrality act, the US was unable to supply Britain and France necessary weaponry once they had entered the war against Hitler and the Soviets
CASH-AND-CARRY- the acts were revised under this basis

71. Japan
In 1934 Japan ended the Washington Naval Treaty and began to build up its military.
In 1937 Japan invaded China
In response to this FDR was insistent upon the fact that this was “not officially a war” thus not calling for the neutrality acts to be invoked, allowing the Japanese to continue to buy weapons from the US
Japanese sank the American Panay in China but quickly apologized and paid the reparations, allowing FDR to continue with his course of non involvement.
1940- Washington finally imposed an embargo on supplies to Japan
1941-US froze all Japanese assets in US, Negotiations began between he US and Japan, the US demanded that Japan withdraw from China
FDR had “cracked the code” and found that Japan did plan to attack but assumed it would be on the Philippines
The attack came while negotiations were still in progress, Pearl Harbor was destroyed with 3000 casualties and much destruction of munitions.
WAR

72. Spain From 1936-1939 the Spanish Civil War ensued
Headed by General Francisco Franco and was aided by Hitler and Mussolini
The US stuck to its isolationism tendencies and watched as Franco strangled the republic of Spain
Still insistent upon not getting involved, the US refused to help them build up their military

73. Germany
In 1935 Hitler began to build up the military and began his prosecution of the Jewish and other “”undesirables”.
Eventually Hitler began his conquest towards world power by taking Austria, this made Britain and France eager to appease Hitler. In !938 Britain and France offered Hitler the Sudetenland in exchange for him to cease his advances
Or nah
In 1939 Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia
This same year the Nazi-Soviet pact was made, this meant that they would not attack each other and also allowed Hitler to invade Poland
WAR (Britain and France declare war on Germany)
Hitler then attacks Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium and France
In Response to American Aid germany torpedoed the americna merchant ship Robin Moor
1941- Germany attacked the Soviet Union
Hitler is stopped at the gates of Moscow

75. Britain and France
Britain and France began trying to appease Hitler early on
Eventually they were forced to enter the war
1940- France was forced to surrender to Germany but luckily the British were able to salvage the majority of their army
After France collapsed the US became worried that Britain would be next, the idea of entering the war now becoming very real
In response FDR called for build of military, congress passed a conscription law (1st peace-time draft), and at the Havana Conference the Us agreed to join Latin America and uphold the Monroe Doctrine
1940-Hitler began to launch attacks against Britain, radio broadcasts caused American sympathy, slowly pulling them out of isolationism.

76. Election of 1940
Republican – Wendell L. Willkie: condemned FDR’s alleged dictatorship & the costly New Deal Programs
Democrat – FDR: Shattered the 2 term tradition, Believed experience was needed in troubled times
FRD WINS AGAIN

77. Bystander to Belligerent
Committee to Defend American by Aiding the Allies produced propaganda that appealed to both interventionist and isolationist
American First Committee thought that the US should focus more so on how to defend their own shores
1940- FDR agreed to give Britain 50 old modeled destroyers that were left over from WWI, in exchange the British promised 8 bases to the US for 99 years
“Send guns not sons”
The lend-lease bill sent a limitless supply of arms to the victims of aggression and in return the war would stay across the ocean, weapons were to be returned at the wars close.
When Germany invades the Soviet Union the US aides them
1941-after the destruction of ships carrying aid to Britain congress voted to end the Neutrality Act of 1939
After the attack on Pearl Harbor the US was done playing nice, war had officially begun.

78. The Thirst is Real
After the attack on pearl harbor the American people were jarred out of their isolationist mind sets an thirsty for revenge on Japan.
FDR held off immediate attacks on Japan, stating that Germany should be their primary focus.
Although the American People were not overly pleased with the decision to place revenge on Japan below handling the problem with Germany, their thirst for revenge would have to hold off.

79. The Plan
The primary goal the the US was to not allow Britain to fall into the hands of Germany while still putting enough effort into keeping Japan at bay
This plan called for time, time to prepare for war. They needed to organize large scale military, ship their munitions to the other half of the globe, doing all of this while still aiding their allies.

80. Nationalism and Distrust
After the attack on Pearl Harbor the unity within the country was at a high.
With exception to the Japanese-Americans the American people were rather civil to one another. The Japanese Americans were sent to internment camps as a precautionary measure. Major trust issue had developed between Americans and Japanese-Americans. The camps were not only to prevent spies but also to protect, the American people were angry, and could take it out on a nearby Japanese American
In the Korematsu vs. US court case the internment camps were upheld.

81. Economy
When the war began the new deal came to and end. Jobs were now primarily war jobs.
The war was actually helpful to the economy of the US, war-time economy bring in money and stimulating the economy.
People began working in ship building instead of cars.
Critical items had to be rationed so that consumption would stay low, not that industry had other focuses.
Wage ceilings were set in an effort to lower prices
Labor unions vowed not to strike during the war (not all agreed to this  Congress was forced to pass the Smith-Connally Anti-Stike Act which gave the government the power to seize and run industries that were suffering due to strikes. This resulted in the government taking over the coal mines and railways for a short period of time
By the time that the war ended the GNP had nearly doubled as well as corporate profits and disposable income
The new importance placed on war time production is was truly pulled the US out of the depression

82. Come Together
During this time men that could be at war, were at war. Even women where away to fight.
Due to this lacking of people the industries needed workers, the Bracero Program was the solution to this. What this program did was bring workers from Mexico in to harvest the crops.
Women also took a role in the industry field during this time, building planes, shells, and tanks.
ROSIE
The war proved not only to be helpful for the economy but also for new citizens, and women searching for roles to play in society.
When the war ended he BABY BOOM began

83. The South
Before the war the south had been in economic pain so as the economy started to boom FDR started sending money to the south in defense contracts
African Americans began to migrate out of the south toward the north and the west

84. African Americans
During this time the African Americans poured out of the south.
They prepared a March on Washington to ask or defense jobs which worked to their benefit when FDR reacted by banning discrimination in defense industries
The units that blacks were allowed to serve in within the military were segregated, they were given menial positions and (insert word for not as nice) materials.
The war effort did allow African Americans to take large leaps towards equality, their organizations had increased membership (NAACP and CORE)
Another life changing technological advancement for the blacks was the mechanical cotton picker, this allowed them to leave their previous jobs and move into the industries

85. Bring it on Japan
The Japanese began their conquest for power by taking islands such as Guam , Wake Island, The Philippines, Hong Kong, British Malaya, Burma, DEIs and a large majority of coastal china
At the Battle of the Coral sea both parties suffered large losses
Adm. Chester Nimitz sent a US fleet to Midway island after intercepting messages and this proved to be a wise call. At the battle of midway the US surprised the Japanese, creating a turning point in the war
“Island Hopping” became a fun pass-time during the war, the military going from island to island and building bases
The island hopping started with the victories at Guadalcanal and reached to New Guinea, working back towards the Philippines
Slowly the US gained control of island after island, but the fights were long, hard, and costly.

86. D-Day
On June 6, 1944, the Allied Powers stormed the French beach of Normandy to take back France from Germany
The invasion, one of the most famous moments in war history, was huge in weakening the German Juggernaut
Huge preparations for the invasion, 3 leaders, Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin meet and plan for a week
Invasion was successful, France was liberated
Hitler’s days as European God are numbered

87. War Comes to Close After the retaking of France, Hitler quickly fell
He killed himself on April 30, 1945
With Germany dealt with, everything was sent to Japan to fight
Things were grim for Japan, but they refused to surrender
Roosevelt dies of a massive hemorrhage, Harry S. Truman is to take over
As Japan never surrendered, America was forced to go all out on the Japanese
Americans dropped two atomic bombs on Japan
The first on August 6, 1945 on Hiroshima, and the second on Nagasaki on August 9, 1645
Japan officially surrendered and the war was over

88. Tensions with Russia
Even though Russia fought with us in the war, tensions grew as Russia wanted to spread Communism
American deals to help European nations generally ignored Russia, as we did not want to strengthen them to the point where they are comfortable with going aggressive