1. QUEBEC

2. ECOSYSTE MS NOT ONLY A LAND OF LAKES AND RIVERS - HAS FORESTS IN SOUTHERN REGIONS QUEBECERS HAVE HARVEST ALL KINDS OF RESOURCES - SOFTWOOD - HARDWOOD --THEY ARE FROM THE: OUTAOUAIS, TÉMISCAMINGUE, SAGUENAY -- LAC – SAINT – JEAN REGIONS THESE RESOURCES WERE USED TO FEED THE FOREST INDUSTRY ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- HARDWOOD STANDS THAT SURVIVE IN AGRICULTURAL AREAS NO LONGER INCLUDE ALL SPECIES - TOO SMALL OR FRAGMENTED

3. REGIONS OF BIOMES QUEBEC IS IN THE BOREAL BIOME, OF BOREAL FORESTS - ALSO CALLED “TAIGA” THE LARGEST TERRESTRIAL BIOME IN THE WORLD LOCATION: THE NORTH OF THE DECIDUOUS FOREST AND SOUTH OF THE ARCTIC TUNDRA CLIMATE: USUALLY COLD TEMPERATURES: ABOUT 5˚C TO -5˚C WINTER: COLD AND LONG SUMMER: SHORT AND COOL GROWING SEASON: LESS THAN 3 MONTHS

4. REGIONS OF BIOMES |VEGETATION AND FOREST ZONES| THE 2 MAJOR VEGETATION ZONES: - TUNDRA - TAIGA THE 3 MAJOR FOREST ZONES: - BOREAL [CONIFEROUS] - MIXED - DECIDICUOUS

5. TUNDRA ASSOCIATED WITH ARCTIC AND ALPINE AREAS OF THE CANADIEN SHIELD IN THE SUMMER, NATURAL INHABITANTS CONSIT OF ABOUT: - 500 PLANT SPECIES - 160 SPECIES OF VERTEBRATES - MIGRATORY BIRDS - LARGE HERD OF CARIBOU COVERS ABOUT 24% OF QUEBEC

6. TAIGA HAVE PEAT BOGS AND ROCKY PLATEAUS COVERED IN LICHENS THAT ARE DOTTED BY STANDS OF BLACK SPRUCE CHARACTERIZED BY GREAT NUMBER OF BOTH - 600 PLANT SPECIES - 206 ANIMAL SPECIES - TREE SPARROWS (YEAR ROUND INHABITANTS) COVERS ABOUT 20% OF QUEBEC

7. FOREST ZONE 1 | BOREAL | MOST NORTHERLY AND ABUNDANT FOREST ZONES - DOMINATED BY BLACK SPRUCE AND CARPETS OF MOSS ECOLOGY OF THIS ZONE: - HEAVILY INFLUENCED BY FIRE DISTURBANCE REGIMES which means… that forest fires are important in defining the numbers of, and relationships between, living organisms THERE IS A APPROXIMATELY: - 850 PLANT SPECIES - 281 VERTEBRATES COVERS 27% OF QUEBEC

8. FOREST ZONE 2 | MIXED | THIS VEGETATION IS TRANSITIONAL ECOLOGY: SHAPED BY BOTH FIRE AND INSECT DISTURBANCE REGIMES TRANSITIONAL NATURE CREATES A DIVERSITY WITHIN HABITATS WHICH RESULT IN HIGH NUMBERS OF : - 1000 PLANT SPECIES - 350 VERTEBRATES INHABITATNTS: - BEAVER - BLACK BEAR COVERS 111.5% OF QUEBEC - MOOSE

9. FOREST ZONE 3 | DECIDUOUS FOREST | ALSO CALLED “HARDWOOD FORESTS” THE THIRD AND MOST SOUTHERN HIGHEST DIVERSITY OF SPECIES - 1600 VASCULAR PLANTS - 440 VERTEBRATES WILDLIFE: SUGAR MAPLE, WHITE-TAILED DEER, AND RACCOON THE GROWING SEASON IS ALMOST 200 DAYS THE FERTILE SOILS IN THIS ZONE MAKES IT THE HEART OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY MOST OF QUEBEC’S POPULATION LIVE HERE COVERS 6.6% OF QUEBEC

10. CLIMATE |CLIMOGRAPHS| -------------- 3 CITIES QUEBEC CITY MONTREAL SHERBROOKE QUEBEC HAS 4 TYPES OF CLIMATE: HUMID CONTINENTAL CLIMATE: -50 DEGREES NORTH LATITUDE -SUMMERS ARE HOT AND TAD HUMID -VERY COLD WINTERS SUBARCTIC CLIMATE: -LONGER WINTERS -SHORTER,COOLER SUMMERS ARCTIC CLIMATE: - NORTHERN PART OF PROVINCE -VERY COLD, DRY, WINTERS -SHOT “THAW” SEASON EAST MARITIME CLIMATE: - FOUND AT “ÎLES-DE-LA-MADELEINE -LONG, BUT COOL WINTERS -SHORT, WARM, RAINY SUMMERS

11. CLIMATE |QUEBEC CITY| Temperature Range: -12.4 - 19.1 C˚ Total Precipitation: 1207.8 mm Growing Season: May - October CLIMATE: FAIRLY HUMID AND COLD BECAUSE OF THE NORDIC AND MARITIME POSITION.

12. CLIMATE |MONTREAL| Temperature Range: - 10.3 - 20.8 C˚ Total Precipitation: 938.7 mm Growing Season: May – October

13. CLIMATE |SHERBROOKE| Temperature Range: -11.6 - 18. C˚ Total Precipitation: 1108.68 mm Growing Season: May – October

14. ENERGY RESOURCES AND MINERALS What natural resources does Quebec supply? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TIMBER MINERALS ENERGY

15. ONE OF THE MAIN DRIVING FORCES OF QUEBEC’S ECONOMY. - SUPPLY SOFTWOOD AND HARDWOOD TIMBER QUEBEC REPRESENTS THE MAJORITY OF LUMBER, VENEER, PAPER, CARDBOARD, AND PANEL COMPANIES |TIMBER|

16. ONE OF THE MAJOR PRODUCERS OF: - ZINC - IRON - NICKEL - COPPER - GOLD QUEBEC’S AREA IS 1.7 MILLION KM AND ONLY 1% IS CURRENTLY BEING MINED. - THERE ARE MORE THAN 16 000 JOBS IN MINING INDUSTRY 3 MAIN MINING REGIONS: - ABITIBI-TÉMISCAMINGUE - THE NORTH SHORE - THE NORD-DU-QUÉBEC REGION |MINERALS|

17. PRODUCES 97% GREEN ELECTRICITY - THEY HAVE A PLAN TO BECOME A LEADER IN THE FIELD OF SUBSTANTIAL ENERGY |ENERGY|

18. ECONOMIC ACIVITY THE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF QUEBEC CAN BE DIVIDED IN 5 MAJOR PERIODS

19. 1 ST PERIOD Started with the arrival of French; lasted until Treaty of Urecht in 1713. - main economic activity was FUR TRADE MERCANTILIST system -exported natural resources AND THEN.. received manufactured foods from metropolis

20. 2 ND PERIOD (1713 - 1812) ; remained dominated by FUR TRADE attempted to diversify economy - by improve farming and encouraging projects like: FORGES SAINT – MAURICE “A National Historic Site of Canada and the birthplace of the country’s iron industry. It was created on March 25, 1730.”

21. 3 RD PERIOD (1812 – 1867) ; wheat and timber replaced fur as the main export products. -Britain’s abolition of protectionist laws and abandonment of mercantilist system -caused business elite of Canada and Quebec to be the most important commercial and financial center of the colony -SOLUTION: transform Canada into industrialized country (CONFEDERATION in 1867)

22. 4 TH PERIOD (1867 – 1945); rise of industrial capitalism. the main industries of Quebec were in the sectors of textiles, footwear, food, railways and timber 1900; hydroelectricity was the main source of energy

23. 5 TH PERIOD (1945 – today) ; rapid development of modern communications and services. a shift away from manufacturing

24. CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES _____________________________ WATER MANAGEMENT - PERIODS OF DROUGHT IN 2002 AND 2005 IN QUEBEC CITY - REDUCED CITY’S SUPPLIES ~ CYANOBACTERIA (BLUE-GREEN ALGAE) - OUTBREAK IN SAINT-CHARLES LAKE IN 2006/2007 CANADIAN FIRST NATIONS AGAINST URANIUM MINING (DECEMBER 2014) - YOUNG MEMBERS OF JAMES BAY CREE NATION WALKED 850KM TO MONTREAL TO PROTEST URANIUM EXPLORATION AND MINING

25. SOLUTIONS TO ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES _________________________________ WATER MANAGEMENT: Quebec started a water policy in 2002 to ensure the protection of this unique resource - manage water with a view to sustainable development; better protect public health and ecosystems. The policy will: - protect water quality and aquatic ecosystems - continue to cleanup and improve the management of water services

26. Uranium Mining: Do not invade First Nations territory to mine Uranium don’t mine uranium Try not to leave behind uranium waste, if they absolutely must mine the uranium SOLUTIONS TO ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES _________________________________

27. WORKS CITED INFORMATION http://redpath-museum.mcgill.ca/Qbp/Natural History/nat_hist.html http://www.gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/portrait/economie/ressources- naturelles/?lang=en http://www.ameriquefrancaise.org/en/article- 304/Harvesting_the_Stands_of_Eastern_White_Pine.html http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec/ - h3_jump_2 http://geography.ridley.on.ca/CGC1D/Students/Quebec2/Geo./Climographs.htm http://www.mern.gouv.qc.ca/english/publications/forest/publications/20013073.pdf http://www.mddelcc.gouv.qc.ca/biodiversite/aires_protegees/aires_quebec-en.htm http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/boreal.htm

28. WORKS CITED PICTURES: https://carbbas.uqam.ca/upload/images/Vulgarisation/biome_boreal/boreal_forest_map. gif http://www.ameriquefrancaise.org/media-1193/55_6_apogee_industrie_bois.jpg http://beaconnews.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/july13asbestosmine.jpg http://eu-canada.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/windmills650x4791.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/2000 px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png http://gotoquebec.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/8/8/14885170/1533095_orig.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Taiga_in_Quebec.jpg http://www.greenpeace.org/canada/Global/canada/image/2010/4/Multimedia/Boreal Forest/GP01YVB.jpg http://api.ning.com/files/kV4MbYiv7oRte- 09zIkoBpxVwvMoUNai16OPttyY3B5satsYawFnLXxMSOYJMtBhOBIobiYcTYyzmM8MY8ybkI BljteA52D8/1082015573.jpeg http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/20/60420-004-D5FBA331.jpg http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/cree-youth-walk-850-km-to-protest-against- uranium-mining-in-quebec-1.2872456 http://uraniuminvestingnews.com/20293/quebec-strateco-cree-mining.html

29. http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/c/CN71627070252500.php http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/c/CN71714070162940.php www.climate-charts.com/Locations/c/CN71610070281240.php http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/c/CN71610070281240.php WORKS CITED CLIMOGRAPHS