1. Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum
Unit 6

2. Lesson 1 : Angular Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
When a rigid object rotates about its axis, at any given time different parts of the object have different linear velocities and linear accelerations.
A particle at point P at a fixed distance r from origin is rotating about axis O.

3. P is at polar coordinate (r, q)
q is measured counterclockwise from some reference line (q = 0)
s = rq
q = s r

4. q is measured in radians (rad)
One radian is the angle subtended by an arc length equal to the radius of the arc.
q = s r
360o =
2pr r
rad = 2p rad
1 rad =
360o 2p
= 57.3o

5. Converting from Degrees to Radians
q (rad) = p
180o
q (deg)
90o = p/2 rad
60o = p/3 rad
45o = p/4 rad
270o = 3p/2 rad

6. Angular Displacement (Dq)
As particle moves from A to B in time interval Dt, the reference line of length r sweeps out an angle
Dq = qf - qi

7. Average Angular Speed (w)
Ratio of the angular displacement of a rigid object to the time interval Dt.
w =
qf - qi
tf - ti = Dq Dt
The rad/s is the unit for angular speed.
w is positive when q increases (counterclockwise motion)
w is negative when q decreases (clockwise motion)

8. Instantaneous Angular Speed (w)
w = lim
Dt  0 Dq Dt = dt dq
Average Angular Acceleration (a)
a =
wf - wi
tf - ti = Dw Dt

9. Instantaneous Angular Acceleration (a)
a = lim
Dt  0 Dw Dt = dt dw
The rad/s2 is the unit for angular speed.
a is positive when object rotates counterclockwise and speeds up OR
when object rotates clockwise and slows down

10. Direction of Angular Velocity and Acceleration Vectors
w and a are vector quantities with magnitude and direction
The directions of w and a are along the axis of rotation.

11. Wrap four fingers of the right hand in the direction of rotation.
Right-Hand Rule
Wrap four fingers of the right hand in the direction of rotation.
Thumb will point in the direction of angular velocity vector (w).

12. Example 1
A rigid object is rotating with an angular speed w < 0. The angular velocity vector w and the angular acceleration vector a are antiparallel. The angular speed of the rigid object is
a) clockwise and increasing
b) clockwise and decreasing
c) counterclockwise and increasing
d) counterclockwise and decreasing

13. Example 2
During a certain period of time, the angular position of a swinging door is described by q = t t2, where q is in radians and t is in seconds. Determine the angular position, angular speed, and angular acceleration of the door at
a) at t = 0
b) at t = 3.00 s

14. Lesson 2 : Rotational Kinematics with Constant Angular Accelerationdw dt
dw = a dt
(by integrating)
wf = wi + at
Since w = dq dt dq dt
wi + at =

15. qf = qi + wit + ½ at2 (by integrating)
Eliminating t from previous two equations,
Eliminating a from previous two equations,
wf2 = wi2 + 2a(qf – qi)
qf = qi + ½ (wi + wf) t

16. q
Position x w
Velocity v a
Acceleration a

17. A wheel rotates with a constant angular acceleration of 3.50 rad/s2.
Example 1
A wheel rotates with a constant angular acceleration of 3.50 rad/s2.
a) If the angular speed of the wheel is rad/s at ti = 0, through what angular displacement does the wheel rotate in 2.00 s ?

18. b) Through how many revolutions has. the wheel turned during this time
b) Through how many revolutions has the wheel turned during this time interval ?
c) What is the angular speed of the wheel at t = 2.00 s ?

19. Example 2
A rotating wheel requires 3.00 s to rotate through 37.0 revolutions. Its angular speed at the end of the 3.00 s interval is 98.0 rad/s. What is the constant angular acceleration of the wheel ?

20. Lesson 3 : Angular and Linear Quantities
Every particle of a rigid rotating object moves in a circle whose center is the axis of rotation.
Tangential speed v = ds dt
Since s = rq,
v = dq dt r
v = rw

21. perpendicular distance of a point from the axis of rotation
Tangential Speed
v = rw
angular speed
perpendicular distance of a point from the axis of rotation
Tangential speed depends on distance from axis of rotation
Angular speed is the same for all points

22. Tangential Accelerationdv dt
Since v = rw,
at = dw dt r
at = ra

23. Centripetal Acceleration in terms of Angular Speedv2 r
Since v = rw,
ac = rw2

24. Total Linear Acceleration
a = at2 + ar2
a = r2a2 + r2w4
a = r a2 + w4

25. Example 1
In order to keep the tangential speed of the disc surface at the location of the lens constant, the disc’s angular speed must vary as the lens moves radially along the disc. In a typical compact disc player, the constant speed of the surface at the point of the laser-lens system is 1.3 m/s.

26. a) Find the angular speed of the disc in rev/min
a) Find the angular speed of the disc in rev/min when information is being read from the innermost first track (r = 23 mm) and the outermost final track (r = 58 mm).

27. b) The maximum playing time of a standard music. CD is 74 min 33 s
b) The maximum playing time of a standard music CD is 74 min 33 s. How many revolutions does the disc make during that time ?

28. c) What total length of track moves past the lens during this time ?

29. d) What is the angular acceleration of the CD over
d) What is the angular acceleration of the CD over the 4,473 s time interval ? [Assume that a is constant.]

30. Example 2
The drive train of a bicycle is shown to the right. The wheels are 67.3 cm in diameter and pedal cranks 17.5 cm long. The cyclist pedals at a steady angular rate of 76.0 rev/min. The chain engages with a front sprocket 15.2 cm in diameter and a rear sprocket 7.00 cm in diameter.

31. a) Calculate the speed of a link of the
a) Calculate the speed of a link of the chain relative to the bicycle frame.
b) Calculate the angular speed of the bicycle wheels.

32. c) Calculate the speed of the bicycle relative to the road.
d) What pieces of data, if any, are not necessary for the calculations ?

33. Lesson 4 : Rotational Kinetic Energy
The total kinetic energy of a rotating rigid object is the sum of the kinetic energies of its individual particles.
KErot = SKEi = S ½mivi2
Since v = rw,
KErot = ½ S miri2wi2
Factoring out w2,
KErot = ½ (S miri2) w2

34. The kg . m2 is the SI unit for moment of inertia.
KErot = ½ (S miri2) w2
Moment of Inertia (I)
I = S miri2
The kg . m2 is the SI unit for moment of inertia.
Moment of inertia is a measure of the resistance of an object to changes in its rotational motion.

35. Substituting I,
KErot = ½ Iw2
Rotational Motion
Linear Motion I m w v
KErot = ½ Iw2
KE = ½ mv2

36. Example 1
Consider an oxygen molecule (O2) rotating in the x-y plane about the z-axis. The rotation axis passes through the center of the molecule, perpendicular to its length. The mass of each oxygen atom is 2.66 x kg, and at room temperature the average separation between the two atoms is d = 1.21 x m. (The atoms are modeled as particles.)
a) Calculate the moment of inertia of the molecule about the z-axis.

37. b) If the angular speed of the molecule about the. z-axis is 4
b) If the angular speed of the molecule about the z-axis is 4.60 x 1012 rad/s, what is its rotational kinetic energy ?

38. Lesson 5 : Calculation of Moments of Inertia
Moment of inertia of a rigid object is evaluated by dividing the object into many small volume elements, each with mass = Dmi. ò
I = lim Sri2Dmi =
r2 dm
Dmi 0
Since r = m/V,
dm = r dV ò
I =
rr2 dV

39. Example 1
Find the moment of inertia of a uniform thin hoop of mass M and radius R about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the hoop and passing through its center.

40. Example 2
Calculate the moment of inertia of a uniform rigid rod of length L and mass M about an axis perpendicular to the rod (the y-axis) and passing through its center of mass.

41. Example 3
A uniform solid cylinder has a radius R, mass M, and length L. Calculate its moment of inertia about its central axis (the z-axis).

42. Parallel-Axis Theorem
The moment of inertia about any axis parallel to and a distance D away from this axis is
I = ICM + MD2

43. Example 4
Consider once again the uniform rigid rod of mass M and length L. Find the moment of inertia of the rod about an axis perpendicular to the rod through one end (the y’ axis).

44. Moment of Inertia of a Thin Cylindrical Shell (Hoop)

45. Moment of Inertia of a Hollow Cylinder

46. Moment of Inertia of a Solid Cylinder (Disk)

47. Moment of Inertia of a Rectangular Plate

48. Moment of Inertia of a Long Thin Rod
(Axis Through Center)

49. Moment of Inertia of a Long Thin Rod
(Axis Through End)

50. Moment of Inertia of a Solid Sphere

51. Moment of Inertia of a Thin Spherical Shell

52. The component Fsinq tends to rotate the wrench about point O.
Lesson 6 : Torque
The tendency of a force to rotate an object about some axis is measured by a vector quantity called torque.
The component Fsinq tends to rotate the wrench about point O.

53. Torque should not be confused with force.
t = r Fsinf = Fd
distance between pivot point and point of application of F
perpendicular distance from pivot point to the line of action of F
Torque should not be confused with force.
Torque has units of force x length or N.m. (Same as work but not called Joules.)

54. F1 tends to rotate counterclockwise (+t)
F2 tends to rotate clockwise (-t)
St = t1 + t2 = F1d1 – F2d2
The net torque about axis 0 is

55. Example 1
A one-piece cylinder is shaped as shown with a core section protruding from the larger drum. The cylinder is free to rotate about the central axis shown in the drawing. A rope wrapped around the drum, which has radius R1, exerts a force T1 to the right on the cylinder. A rope wrapped around the core, which has radius R2, exerts a force T2 downward on the cylinder.
a) What is the net torque acting on the cylinder about the rotation axis (z-axis) ?

56. b) Suppose T1 = 5. 0 N, R1 = 1. 0 m, T2 = 15. 0 N,. and R2 = 0. 50 m
b) Suppose T1 = 5.0 N, R1 = 1.0 m, T2 = 15.0 N, and R2 = 0.50 m. What is the net torque about the rotation axis, and which way does the cylinder rotate starting from rest ?

57. Lesson 7 : Relationship between Torque and Angular Acceleration
Ft = mat
t = Ftr = (mat)r
t = (mra)r = (mr2)a
Since I = mr2,
St = Ia
(rotational analog to Newton’s Second Law)

58. Example 1
A uniform rod of length L and mass M is attached at one end to a frictionless pivot and is free to rotate about the pivot in the vertical plane. The rod is released from rest in the horizontal position. What is the initial angular acceleration of the rod and the initial linear acceleration of its right end ?

59. Example 2
A wheel of radius R, mass M, and moment of inertia I is mounted on a frictionless horizontal axis. A light cord wrapped around the wheel supports an object of mass m.
a) Calculate the angular acceleration of the wheel.

60. b) Calculate the linear acceleration of the object.
c) Calculate the tension in the cord.

61. Lesson 8 : Work, Power, and Energy in Rotational Motion
Work done by F on an object as it rotates through an infinitesimal distance ds = r dq
dW = F.ds = (Fsinf)r dq
(The radial component of F does no work because it is perpendicular to the displacement.)

62. (Power delivered to a rotating rigid object.) P = dW
Since t = rFsinf,
analogous to dW = Fx dx in linear motion
dW = t dq
Rate at which work is being done as an object rotates through angle dq in time interval dt is dW dt = dq t
analogous to P = Fv in linear motion
(Power delivered to a rotating rigid object.)
P = dW dt
= tw

63. St = Ia = I dw dt
St = I dw dq dt
(chain rule)
St = I dw dq w
St dq = Iw dw
Since dW = St dq,
dW = Iw dw

64. Integrating to find total work done,
SW = ò wi wf
Iw dw = ½ Iwf2 – ½ Iwi2
Work–KE Theorem for Rotational Motion
The net work done by external forces in rotating a symmetric rigid object about a fixed axis equals the change in the object’s rotational energy.

66. Example 1
A uniform rod of length L and mass M is free to rotate on a frictionless pin passing through one end. The rod is released from rest in the horizontal position.
a) What is its angular speed when it reaches its lowest position ?

67. b) Determine the tangential speed of the
b) Determine the tangential speed of the center of mass and the tangential speed of the lowest point on the rod when it is in the vertical position.

68. Example 2
Consider two cylinders having different masses m1 and m2, connected by a string passing over a pulley. The pulley has a radius R and moment of inertia I about its axis of rotation. The string does not slip on the pulley, and the system is released from rest. Find the linear speeds of the cylinders after cylinder 2 descends through a distance h, and the angular speed of the pulley at this time.

69. Example 3 : AP 2001 #3
A light string that is attached to a large block of mass 4m passes over a pulley with negligible rotational inertia and is wrapped around a vertical pole of radius r, as shown in Experiment A above. The system is released from rest, and as the block descends the string unwinds and the vertical pole with its attached apparatus rotates. The apparatus consists of a horizontal rod of length 2L, with a small block of mass m attached at each end. The rotational inertia of the pole and the rod are negligible.

70. a) Determine the rotational inertia of the rod-and-
a) Determine the rotational inertia of the rod-and- block apparatus attached to the top of the pole.
b) Determine the downward acceleration of the large block.

71. c) When the large block has descended a distance
c) When the large block has descended a distance D, how does the instantaneous total kinetic energy of the three blocks compare with the value 4mgD ? Check the appropriate space below.
____ Greater than 4mgD
____ Equal to 4mgD
____ Less than 4mgD
Justify your answer.

72. The system is now reset. The string is rewound around the pole to bring the large block back to its original location. The small blocks are detached from the rod and then suspended from each end of the rod, using strings of length l. The system is again released from rest so that as the large block descends and the apparatus rotates, the small blocks swing outward, as shown in Experiment B above. This time the downward acceleration of the block decreases with time after the system is released.

73. d) When the large block has descended a distance
d) When the large block has descended a distance D, how does the instantaneous total kinetic energy of the three blocks compare to that in part c) ? Check the appropriate space below.
____ Greater
____ Equal
____ Less
Justify your answer.

74. Lesson 9 : Rolling Motion of a Rigid Object
Cylinder rolling on a straight path.
Center moves in a straight line (green line).
A point on the rim moves in a path called a cycloid (red curve).

75. Speed of CM of Cylinder Rolling without Slipping
vCM = ds dt
Since s = Rq,
vCM = dq dt R
vCM = Rw
for pure rolling motion only

76. Acceleration of CM of Cylinder Rolling without Slipping
aCM =
dvCM dt
aCM = dw dt R
aCM = Ra

77. Since IP = ICM + MR2, (parallel-axis theorem)
Total Kinetic Energy of a Rolling Cylinder
KErot = ½ IPw2
Since IP = ICM + MR2, (parallel-axis theorem)
KErot = ½ (ICM + MR2)w2 OR
KErot = ½ ICMw2 + ½ MR2w2
Since vCM = Rw,
KErot = ½ ICMw2 + ½ MvCM2

78. KEtotal = ½ ICMw2 + ½ MvCM2
rotational KE
translational KE
The total kinetic energy of a rolling object is the sum of the rotational kinetic energy about the center of mass and the translational kinetic energy of the center of mass.

80. Example 1
Three objects of uniform density – a solid sphere, a solid cylinder, and a hollow cylinder – are placed at the top of an incline. They are all released from rest at the same elevation and roll without slipping. Which object reaches the bottom first ? Which reaches it last ?

81. Example 2
For the solid sphere shown above, calculate the linear speed of the center of mass at the bottom of the incline and the magnitude of the linear acceleration of the center of mass.

82. Example 3 : AP 1986 #2
An inclined plane makes an angle of q with the horizontal, as shown above. A solid sphere of radius R and mass M is initially at rest in the position shown, such that the lowest point of the sphere is a vertical height h above the base of the plane. The sphere is released and rolls down the plane without slipping. The moment of inertia of the sphere about an axis through its center is 2/5 MR2. Express your answers in terms of M, R, h, g, and q.

83. a) Determine the following for the sphere when it
a) Determine the following for the sphere when it is at the bottom of the plane.
i. Its translational kinetic energy
ii. Its rotational kinetic energy

84. b) Determine the following for the sphere when it is on the plane.
i. Its linear acceleration
ii. The magnitude of the frictional force acting on it

85. The solid sphere is replaced by a hollow sphere of identical radius R and mass M. The hollow sphere, which is released from the same location as the solid sphere, rolls down the incline without slipping.
c) What is the total kinetic energy of the hollow sphere at the bottom of the plane

86. d) State whether the rotational kinetic energy of
d) State whether the rotational kinetic energy of the hollow sphere is greater than, less than, or equal to that of the solid sphere at the bottom of the plane. Justify your answer.

87. Lesson 10 : Angular Momentum
SF =
From linear motion : dp dt
Take cross product of each side with r :
r x SF = r x dp dt
Net Torque
St = r x dp dt

88. Add x p to right-hand side : Analogous to dp in translational motiondr dr
x p is zero since = v, dt dt
and v and p are parallel.
Add x p to right-hand side : dr dt
St = r x dp +
x p
Analogous to dp in translational motion
angular momentum (L)
L = r x p
St =
d(r x p) dt

89. Instantaneous Angular Momentum
L = r x p
The instantaneous angular momentum L of a particle relative to the origin O is defined by the cross product of the particle’s instantaneous position vector r and its instantaneous linear momentum p.
The SI unit of angular momentum is kg . m2/s.

90. rotational analog of Newton’s second law
Since L = r x p,
St = dL dt
rotational analog of Newton’s second law
The torque acting on a particle is equal to the time rate of change of the particle’s angular momentum.

91. The direction of L is always perpendicular to the plane formed by r and p.
Since p = mv,
L = mvr sinf

92. Example 1
A particle moves in the xy plane in a circular path of radius r, as shown above. Find the magnitude and direction of its angular momentum relative to O when its linear velocity is v.

93. Angular Momentum of a System of Particles
The total angular momentum of a system of particles about some point is defined as the vector sum of the angular momenta of the individual particles.
Ltot = L1 + L2 + …. + Ln = SLi
Differentiating with respect to time :
dLtot dt
= S
dLi St

94. St =
dLtot dt
The net external torque acting on a system about some axis passing through an origin in an inertial frame equals the time rate of change of the total angular momentum of the system about that origin.*
* This theorem applies even if the center of mass is accelerating, as long as t and L are evaluated relative to the center of mass.

95. Example 2
A sphere of mass m1 and a block of mass m2 are connected by a light cord that passes over a pulley, as shown above. The radius of the pulley is R, and the mass of the rim is M. The spokes of the pulley have negligible mass. The block slides on a frictionless, horizontal surface. Find an expression for the linear acceleration of the two objects, using the concepts of angular momentum and torque.

96. Lesson 11 : Angular Momentum of a Rotating Rigid Object
Each particle of this rigid object rotates in the xy plane about the z axis with angular speed w.
Since v = rw,
L = mr2w
Since I = mr2,
L = Iw

97. Differentiating with respect to time :
L = Iw
Differentiating with respect to time :
(I is constant for a rigid object) dL dt
= I dw
= Ia
St = dL dt
Since
rotational form of Newton’s second law
St = Ia

98. Example 1
Estimate the magnitude of the angular momentum of a bowling ball spinning at 10 rev/s.

99. Example 2
A father of mass mf and daughter of mass md sit on opposite ends of a seesaw at equal distances from the pivot at the center. The seesaw is modeled as a rigid rod of mass M and length l and is pivoted without friction. At a given moment, the combination rotates in a vertical plane with an angular speed w.

100. a) Find an expression for the magnitude of the
a) Find an expression for the magnitude of the system’s angular momentum.

101. b) Find an expression for the magnitude of the
b) Find an expression for the magnitude of the angular acceleration of the system when the seesaw makes an angle q with the horizontal.

102. Example 3 : AP 1983 #2
A uniform solid cylinder of mass m1 and radius R is mounted on frictionless bearings about a fixed axis through O. The moment of inertia of the cylinder about the axis is I = ½ m1R2. A block of mass m2, suspended by a cord wrapped around the cylinder as shown above, is released at time t = 0.

103. a) On the diagram below draw and identify all of
a) On the diagram below draw and identify all of the forces acting on the cylinder and on the block.

104. b) In terms of m1, m2, R, and g, determine each of the following.
i) The acceleration of the block.

105. ii) The tension in the cord.
iii) The angular momentum of the disk as a function of t.

106. Example 4 : AP 1982 #3
A system consists of two small disks, of masses m and 2m, attached to a rod of negligible mass of length 3l as shown above. The rod is free to turn about a vertical axis through point P. The two disks rest on a rough horizontal surface; the coefficient of friction between the disks and the surface is m. At time t = 0, the rod has an initial counterclockwise angular velocity wo about P. The system is gradually brought to rest by friction. Develop expressions for the following quantities in terms of m, m, l, g, and wo.

107. a) The initial angular momentum of the system about the axis through P.
b) The frictional torque acting on the system about the axis through P.

108. c) The time T at which the system will come to rest.

109. Consider a thin uniform rod of mass M and length l , as shown above.
Example 5 : AP 1996 #3
Consider a thin uniform rod of mass M and length l , as shown above. l M
a) Show that the rotational inertia of the rod about an axis through its center and perpendicular to its length is Ml 2/12.

110. The rod is now glued to a thin hoop of mass M and radius R = l /2 to form a rigid assembly, as shown above. The centers of the rod and hoop coincide at point P. The assembly is mounted on a horizontal axle through point P and perpendicular to the page.

111. b) What is the rotational inertia of the rod-hoop
b) What is the rotational inertia of the rod-hoop assembly about the axle ?

112. Several turns of string are wrapped tightly around the circumference of the hoop. The system is at rest when a cat, also of mass M, grabs the free end of the string and hangs vertically from it without swinging as it unwinds, causing the rod-hoop assembly to rotate. Neglect friction and the mass of the string.
c) Determine the tension T in the string.

113. d) Determine the angular acceleration a of the rod-hoop assembly.
e) Determine the linear acceleration of the cat.

114. f) After descending a distance H = 5 l /3, the cat lets
f) After descending a distance H = 5 l /3, the cat lets go of the string. At that instant, what is the angular momentum of the cat about point P ?

115. Lesson 12 : Conservation of Angular Momentum
The total angular momentum of a system is constant in both magnitude and direction if the resultant external torque acting on the system is zero, that is, if the system is isolated.
St =
dLtot dt
= 0,
Since
Ltot = constant
Lbefore = Lafter

116. Lbefore = Lafter Since L = Iw, Iiwi = Ifwf = constant
When arms are moved inward, I decreases.
Since Iw remains constant, as I decreases, w must increase.

117. Example 1
A horizontal platform in the shape of a circular disk rotates freely in a horizontal plane about a frictionless vertical axle. The platform has a mass M = 100 kg and a radius R = 2.0 m. A student whose mass is m = 60 kg walks slowly from the rim of the disk toward its center. If the angular speed of the system is 2.0 rad/s when the student is at the rim, what is the angular speed when he reaches a point r = 0.50 m from the center ?

118. Example 2
In a favorite classroom demonstration, a student holds the axle of a spinning bicycle wheel while seated on a stool that is free to rotate. The student and stool are initially at rest while the wheel is spinning in a horizontal plane with an initial angular momentum Li that points upward. When the wheel is inverted about its center by 180o, the student and stool start rotating. In terms of Li, what are the magnitude and the direction of L for the student plus stool ?

119. Example 3
A 2.0 kg disk traveling at 3.0 m/s strikes a 1.0 kg stick of length 4.0 m that is lying flat on nearly frictionless ice. Assume that the collision is elastic and that the disk does not deviate from its original line of motion. Find the translational speed of the disk, the translational speed of the stick, and the angular speed of the stick after the collision. The moment of inertia of the stick about its center of mass is 1.33 kg.m2.

120. Example 4 : AP 1987 #3
A 1.0 kg object is moving horizontally with a velocity of 10 m/s, as shown above, when it makes a glancing collision with the lower end of a bar that was hanging vertically at rest before the collision. For the system consisting of the object and bar, linear momentum is not conserved in this collision, but kinetic energy is conserved. The bar, which has a length l = 1.2 m and a mass m = 3.0 kg, is pivoted about the upper end.

121. Immediately after the collision the object moves with speed v at an angle q relative to its original direction. The bar swings freely, and after the collision reaches a maximum angle of 90o with respect to the vertical. The moment of inertia of the bar about the pivot is Ibar = ml 2/3. Ignore all friction.
a) Determine the angular velocity of the bar immediately after the collision.

122. b) Determine the speed v of the 1 kg object
b) Determine the speed v of the 1 kg object immediately after the collision.
c) Determine the magnitude of the angular momentum of the object about the pivot just before the collision.

123. d) Determine the angle q.

124. Example 5 : AP 1992 #2
Two identical spheres, each of mass M and negligible radius, are fastened to opposite ends of a rod of negligible mass and length 2l. This system is initially at rest with the rod horizontal, as shown above, and is free to rotate about a frictionless, horizontal axis through the center of the rod and perpendicular to the plane of the page. A bug, of mass 3M, lands gently on the sphere on the left. Assume that the size of the bug is small compared to the length of the rod. Express your answers to all parts of the question in terms of M, l , and physical constants.

125. a) Determine the torque about the axis immediately
a) Determine the torque about the axis immediately after the bug lands on the sphere.
b) Determine the angular acceleration of the rod- spheres-bug system immediately after the bug lands.

126. The rod-spheres-bug system swings about the axis
The rod-spheres-bug system swings about the axis. At the instant that the rod is vertical, as shown above, determine each of the following.
c) The angular speed of the bug.

127. d) The angular momentum of the system.
e) The magnitude and direction of the force that must be exerted on the bug by the sphere to keep the bug from being thrown off the sphere.

128. Lesson 13 : Rotational Equilibrium
A system is in rotational equilibrium if the net torque on it is zero about any axis.
St = 0
Since St = Ia,
a = 0
St = 0 does not mean an absence of rotational motion. Object can be rotating at a constant angular speed.

129. Example 1
Consider the object subject to the two forces shown to the right. Choose the correct statement with regard to this situation. The object is in
____ force equilibrium but not torque equilibrium.
____ torque equilibrium but not force equilibrium.
____ both force and torque equilibrium.
____ neither force nor torque equilibrium.

130. Example 2
Consider the object subject to the three forces shown to the right. Choose the correct statement with regard to this situation. The object is in
____ force equilibrium but not torque equilibrium.
____ torque equilibrium but not force equilibrium.
____ both force and torque equilibrium.
____ neither force nor torque equilibrium.

131. Center of gravity = center of mass if g is constant over the object.
To compute the torque due to the gravitational force on an object of mass M, we need only consider the force Mg acting at the center of gravity of the object.
Center of gravity = center of mass if g is constant over the object.

132. Example 3
A seesaw consisting of a uniform board of mass M and length l supports a father and daughter with masses mf and md, respectively. The support (called the fulcrum) is under the center of gravity of the board, the father is a distance d from the center, and the daughter is a distance l /2 from the center.

133. a) Determine the magnitude of the upward force n
a) Determine the magnitude of the upward force n exerted by the support on the board.
b) Determine where the father should sit to balance the system.

134. Example 4
A person holds a 50.0 N sphere in his hand. The forearm is horizontal, as shown above. The biceps muscle is attached 3.00 cm from the joint, and the sphere is 35.0 cm from the joint. Find the upward force exerted by the biceps on the forearm and the downward force exerted by the upper arm on the forearm and acting at the joint. Neglect the weight of the forearm.