1. Aharonov-Casher Effect Experimental Method

2. Making the Specimen Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-  )

3. Making the Specimen Crushing old YBCO specimens Crushing old YBCO specimens

4. Making the Specimen Crushing old YBCO specimens Crushing old YBCO specimens Filling die with YBCO powder Filling die with YBCO powder Add ethanol Add ethanol Compress in vice Compress in vice

5. Making the Specimen Crushing old YBCO specimens Crushing old YBCO specimens Filling die with YBCO powder Filling die with YBCO powder Add ethanol Add ethanol Compress in vice Compress in vice Sinter Sinter

6. Making the Specimen Crushing old YBCO specimens Crushing old YBCO specimens Filling die with YBCO powder Filling die with YBCO powder Add ethanol Add ethanol Compress in vice Compress in vice Sinter Sinter Cut & Polish Specimen Cut & Polish Specimen

7. Finished Specimen

8. Experiments Testing Superconductivity (AC Resistivity)

9. Experimental Setup Helium Fridge Specimen “Cold Finger”

10. Experimental Setup Selectable Resistor (1kΩ) Cathode Ray Oscilloscope Ammeter Lock-in Amplifier Function Generator Voltage Source Computer

11. Testing Circuit Diagram Specimen Lock-In Amp AC Voltage VoltageSenseMeter CurrentSenseMeter Thermocouple

12. Results

13. Experiments Aharonov-Casher Effect

14. Experimental Setup

15. Selectable Resistor (1kΩ) Cathode Ray Oscilloscope Ammeter Voltage Source Computer Ramp Generator

16. Circuit Diagram Voltage Ramp & 1000µF Capacitor DC Voltage & Resistor LeCroy Oscilloscope “Cold Finger”

17. Measuring The Effect Charge “ramp” in centre Causes frequency in V/A Analysed by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

18. Measuring The Effect

19. LeCroy Dual-Oscilloscope Real-time FFT Difference between Saved & average Averaged FFT Saved FFT

21. Possible Solutions Noise-free environment Noise-free environment More accurate voltage ramp More accurate voltage ramp Use thin film sample Use thin film sample Better capacitance calculation Better capacitance calculation