1. Limiting reagent, Excess reactant, Theoretical or Percent yield
Stoichiometry
Limiting reagent, Excess reactant,
Theoretical or Percent yield

2. Determining amount of product
Stoichiometry is used to find the quantity of a product yielded by a reaction.
For example,
If a piece of solid copper (Cu) were added to an aqueous solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3), the silver (Ag) would be replaced in a single displacement reaction forming aqueous copper(II) nitrate (Cu(NO3)2) and solid silver.
How much silver is produced if grams of Cu is added to the solution of excess silver nitrate?

3. The following steps are used:
Step 1 - Write and Balance the Equation
Step 2 - Mass to Mole: Convert g Cu to moles Cu
Step 3 - Mole Ratio: Convert moles of Cu to moles of Ag produced
Step 4 - Mole to Mass: Convert moles Ag to grams of Ag produced

4. Step 1: Step 2: The complete balanced equation would be:
Cu + 2AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
Step 2:
For the mass to mole step, the amount of copper (16.00 g) would be converted to moles of copper by dividing the mass of copper by its molecular mass: g/mol.

5. Step 3:
Now that the amount of Cu in moles (0.2518) is found, we can set up the mole ratio. This is found by looking at the coefficients in the balanced equation: Cu and Ag are in a 1:2 ratio.
Cu + 2AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag

6. Step 4:
Now that the moles of Ag produced is known to be  mol, we convert this amount to grams of Ag produced to come to the final answer:

7. This set of calculations can be condensed into a single step:
Cu + 2AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
54.32 g of Ag is produced when g of Cu is added to a solution of excess silver nitrate?

8. Additional Example:
The balanced chemical equation for propane (C3H8) reacting with excess oxygen gas (O2) is:
C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
What is the mass of water formed when 120 g of propane (C3H8) is burned in excess oxygen is:

9. The limiting reagent is the reagent that limits the amount of product that can be formed and is completely consumed during the reaction.
The excess reactant is the reactant that is left over once the reaction has stopped due to the limiting reactant.
Consider the equation of roasting lead(II) sulfide (PbS) in oxygen (O2) to produce lead(II) oxide (PbO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2):
2PbS + 3O2 → 2PbO + 2SO2

10. To determine the theoretical yield of lead(II) oxide if 200
To determine the theoretical yield of lead(II) oxide if g of lead(II) sulfide and grams of oxygen are heated in an open container:
Because a lesser amount of PbO is produced for the g of PbS, it is clear that PbS is the limiting reagent.

11. Percent yield is expressed in the following equation:
If g of lead(II) oxide is obtained, then the percent yield would be calculated as follows: