1. The united states Becomes An Imperialist power
EUGENIA LANGAN
MATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOL
HIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDA
WITH THANKS TO SUSAN POJER

2. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:
TODAY:
WHY AND HOW DID THE U.S. BECOME AN IMPERIALIST POWER?
WHAT WAS THE EXTENT OF THE U.S. EMPIRE?
WHAT POLITICAL ISSUES DID U.S. IMPERIALISM CREATE?
BROAD:
HOW DID THE U.S. BECOME A SUPERPOWER?
(YOU SHOULD HAVE A PRETTY GOOD IDEA
BY THE END OF THIS UNIT!)

3. WHY DID THE U.S. BECOME AN IMPERIALIST POWER?
1. MAIN REASON: U.S. BECAME A MAJOR INDUSTRIAL POWER IN SECOND HALF OF 19TH CENTURY – NEEDED FOREIGN MARKETS (AND RAW MATERIALS NOT AVAILABLE HERE)

4. 2. MILITARY-STRATEGIC INTERESTS
ALFRED THAYER MAHAN, NAVY OFFICE AND PROFESSOR AT NAVAL WAR COLLEGE -- THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER ON HISTORY 1660 – 1783
CONTROL OF SEAS THE BASIS OF NATIONAL POWER (BASED ON BRITISH EMPIRE)
VERY INFLUENTIAL BOOK WITH POLITICIANS AND MILITARY

5. 3. INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL DARWINISM
"WHITE" (EURO) NATIONS "FITTEST," BIOLOGICALLY DESTINED TO CONQUER OTHERS (RACISM!)
AND TO LEAD OTHERS TO THE "BENEFITS" OF "CIVILIZATION"
HIERARCHY OF RACES "THE WHITE MAN'S BURDEN"

6. 4. MISSIONARY INTERESTS
CHRISTIANITY IS A PROSELYTIZING RELIGION, NEEDS NEW "MARKETS" AS MUCH AS INDUSTRIES DO. TO BRING NON-CHRISTIANS THE "BENEFITS" OF CHRISTIANITY (ALSO RACIST)

7. 5. THE CLOSING OF THE AMERICAN FRONTIER – NO MORE TO CONQUER ON THIS CONTINENT!

8. EARLY BEGINNINGS

9. EARLIEST U.S. IMPERIALISM: LIBERIA, ESTABLISHED BY AMERICAN COLONIAL COLONY AS PLACE TO SEND FREED SLAVES, 1822
U.S. NEVER ANNEXED LIBERIA, BUT CONTROLLED IT, 1822 – 1980
LIBERIA'S MAIN NATURAL RESOURCE WAS RUBBER WHICH U.S. NEEDED FOR TIRES AND OTHER THINGS (BEFORE PLASTIC). LIBERIAN RUBBER WENT TO U.S.
HOWEVER U.S. DID NOT COMPETE WITH EUROPE IN THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

10. SO THE U.S. BUILT ITS EMPIRE IN THE PACIFIC AND CARIBBEAN

11. HAWAII – "THE CROSSROADS OF THE PACIFIC"
PACIFIC OCEAN TOO BIG FOR SHIPS TO CROSS WITHOUT REFUELING AND RESUPPLYING
THE BRITISH GOT THERE FIRST IN 1788 (CAPTAIN COOK) AND MANY EUROPEAN VISITS – SO NATIVE HAWAIIANS WERE DECIMATED BY SMALLPOX, MEASLES BEFORE AMERICANS ARRIVED

12. FIRST AMERICANS TO ARRIVE IN HAWAII WERE MISSIONARIES (ALL VARIETIES OF CHRISTIANS INCLUDING MORMONS)
NEXT TO ARRIVE, BY 1830S, WERE AMERICAN PLANTERS
SUGAR
FRUIT (INCLUDING PINEAPPLES)
IMIOLA CHURCH, HILO
© 1820

13. HAWAIIAN KING KAMEHAMEHA III (REIGNED 1824 – 1854) WAS CHRISTIAN AND ESTABLISHED A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
HE ALSO GRANTED FOREIGNERS THE RIGHT TO OWN LAND IN HAWAII (UNFORTUNATELY FOR HIS DESCENDANTS!)

14. THE AMERICAN VIEW OF HAWAIIANS
1849: FIRST OF SERIES OF "RECIPROCITY" TREATIES MAKING HAWAII "PROTECTORATE" OF U.S.
1875 RECIPROCITY TREATY: HAWAII FORCED TO CEDE PEARL HARBOR TO U.S.
1890 – MCKINLEY TARIFF IMPOSED TARIFF ON HAWAIIAN SUGAR
AMERICAN SUGAR PLANTERS IN HAWAII WANT U.S. TO ANNEX IT
THE AMERICAN VIEW OF HAWAIIANS

15. AMERICANS FORCE KING DAVID KALAKAU TO SIGN CONSTITUTION OF 1887 AKA "THE BAYONET CONSTITUTION
STRIPPED KING OF HIS POWERS
ESTABLISHED LEGISLATURE – PROPERTY QUALIFICATION FOR VOTING SO HIGH THAT MOSTLY ONLY AMERICANS COULD VOTE
"KING'S" CABINET CONSISTED OF AMERICAN LAWYERS AND PLANTERS

16. 1893: QUEEN LILIUOKALANI, AN ADVOCATE OF "HAWAII FOR HAWAIIANS" ANNOUNCED NEW CONSTITUTION ELIMINATING FOREIGNERS IN GOVERNMENT
AMERICAN BUSINESSMEN AND PLANTERS, LED BY SANFORD P. DOLE, FORMED "COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY"

17. U.S MINISTER TO HAWAII CALLED OUT THE MARINES (SEEN HERE IN FRONT OF HAWAIIAN ROYAL PALACE)
QUEEN LILIUOKALANI WAS DEPOSED BY "HAWAIIAN PEOPLE"

18. 1894 – 1898: "REPUBLIC OF HAWAII" LED BY DOLE
GROVER CLEVELAND BLOCKED ANNEXATION (HE WAS ANTI-IMPERIALIST)
1898: MC KINLEY PRESIDENT, U.S. ANNEXED HAWAII (CELEBRATION BELOW AT FORMER ROYAL PALACE)

19. JAPAN
JAPAN SINCE LATE 17TH CENTURY HAD BEEN ISOLATIONIST AND ANTI-WESTERN (HIDEYOSHI, TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE)
1853: "OPENING OF JAPAN" -- U.S. COMMODORE MATTHEW PERRY ARRIVES IN EDO (TOKYO) WITH FOUR BATTLESHIPS, TO "NEGOTIATE" TRADE TREATY

20. GUNBOAT DIPLOMACY
TOP IS THE U.S.S. MISSISSIPPI, ONE OF THE BATTLESHIPS PERRY HAD AT TOKYO. RIGHT IS U.S.S. CONGRESS, IN SAME CLASS AS ANOTHER OF PERRY’S SHIPS. NOTE THE GUN PORTS. THE BROADSIDE WAS DEVASTATING TO HARBOR CITIES AND TOWNS. PERRY DIDN’T HAVE TO FIRE ON EDO – HE JUST HAD TO FIRE AS DEMONSTRATION – THAT’S ALL IT TOOK.

21. Perry’s “Black Ships”:
JAPANESE VIEW

22. 1854 – TREATY OF KANAGAWA – “PEACE AND AMITY” BETWEEN U. S
1854 – TREATY OF KANAGAWA – “PEACE AND AMITY” BETWEEN U.S. AND JAPAN = JAPAN FORCES TO ALLOW U.S. EXPORTS

23. PERRY – THE JAPANESE AND AMERICAN POINTS OF VIEW

24. REMINDER FROM AP WORLD & EURO:
1868 – JAPAN'S MEIJI REVOLUTION – ABOLISHED FEUDALISM, BEGAN WESTERNIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION PROGRAM
JAPAN WAS A MAJOR INDUSTRIAL NATION BY END OF 19TH CENTURY AND LIKE ALL INDUSTRIAL POWERS, WANTED EMPIRE FOR NEW MARKETS AND RAW MATERIALS (COAL AND WOOD):
: SINO-JAPANESE WAR. JAPAN GOT "SPHERE OF INFLUENCE IN LOWER MANCHURIA, HAD ITS EYE ON KOREA (AND ALL ASIA AND THE PACIFIC!)

25. MEANWHILE IN CHINA (ANOTHER VAST MARKET)_
OPIUM WARS  "UNEQUAL TREATIES" W/ EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, CHINA CARVED INTO "SPHERES OF INFLUENCE" IN LATE 19TH CENTURY
U.S. HAD TRADE TREATY WITH CHINA, BUT NO TERRITORY IN ASIA (YET)

26. ALASKA
PURCHASED FROM RUSSIA, 1867, FOR $7.2 MILLION (ABOUT 2 CENTS PER ACRE)

27. DERIDED AS "SEWARD'S FOLLY" AND "SEWARD'S ICEBOX" -- THERE TURNS OUT TO BE SOME GOLD IN ALASKA BUT UNTIL OIL WAS DISCOVERED ON NORTH SLOPE IN 1968, IT WAS MOSTLY JUST A "FRONTIER" PLACE (ATTRACTED LIBERTARIAN NUTS, SECESSIONISTS LIKE THE PALINS, ETC.)
1. "Preparing for the Heated Term. King Andy and his man Billy lad in a great stock of Russian ice in order to cool down the Congressional majority."
2. "'The Big Thing.' Old Mother Seward: 'I'll rub some of this [Russian Salve] on his sore spot. It may soothe him a little." On the wall is a "Map of the Russian Fairyland" with a man on snowshoes fleeing from polar bears. Next to it is a picture of two Inuit with the legend, "Some of the Advantages."

28. "THE SPLENDID LITTLE WAR"
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
"THE SPLENDID LITTLE WAR"
MC KINLEY: "THE IMPERIALIST TAILOR"

29. CUBA: THE PEARL OF THE ANTILLES –
AND THE LAST SPANISH COLONY IN AMERICA
SUGAR! FRUIT!
RECALL OSTEND MANIFESTO

30. AND SPAIN'S PHILIPPINES BECKONED – U. S
AND SPAIN'S PHILIPPINES BECKONED – U.S. WANTED OWN NAVAL BASE AND TERRITORY IN ASIA, JUST LIKE THE EUROPEAN POWERS

31. CUBA LIBRE (?)
"THE DUTY OF THE HOUR – TO SAVE HER NOT ONLY FROM SPAIN BUT FROM A WORSE FATE"

32. CUBAN REBELLION
BEGAN 1868
SPAIN BRUTALLY REPRESSED
1895 – ORGANIZED UPRISING/ INVASION LED BY JOSÉ MARTI, THE GREAT CUBAN NATIONALIST, REVOLUTIONARY AND POET ("GUANTANAMERA") – HE WAS KILLED IN BATTLE, 1895
FOUGHT FOR "LOS POBRES DE LA TIERRA"

33. RECONCENTRADOS (CONCENTRATION CAMPS) – SPANISH GOVERNOR VALERIANO ("BUTCHER") WEYLER PUT ABOUT 500,000 GUAJIROS IN THEM TO QUASH SUPPORT FOR REVOLUTION

34. William Randolph Hearst
YELLOW JOURNALISM AND JINGOISM: THE MEDIA WAR MACHINE
Joseph Pulitzer
Hearst to Frederick Remington: "You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!"
BUT MC KINLEY DIDN'T WANT WAR!
William Randolph Hearst

35. DE LÔME LETTER – PUBLISHED IN HEARST PAPERS, 1898
Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish Ambassador to the U.S.
Criticized President McKinley as weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, ANGLING FOR SUPPORT OF BOTH JINGOES AND ANTI-IMPERIALISTS
U.S. POPULAR REACTION = "HOW DARE THAT SPIC DISS OUR PRESIDENT?"

36. A SPANISH CARTOON

37. THEODORE ROOSEVELT – NOT VERY LOYAL
Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration.
Imperialist and American nationalist.
Criticized President McKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair!
Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

38. THE U.S.S. MAINE INCIDENT, FEBRUARY 15, 1898
JANUARY 1998: MCKINLEY SENT THE MAINE TO HAVANA HARBOR TO "PROTECT AMERICAN CITIZENS"

39. AROUND 9:30 P.M. ON FEBRUARY 15, THE MAINE EXPLODED AND SANK IN HAVANA HARBOR – 266 SAILORS KILLED

40. VERY YELLOW JOURNALISM: HEARST PAPERS REPORTED SPAIN HAD BOMBED MAINE (NO EVIDENCE FOR THAT!)
MCKINLEY SEND PROVOCATIVE DEMAND TO SPAIN (WITHDRAW!) – SPAIN DECLARED WAR ON U.S. – HURRAY! NOW U.S. COULD DECLARE WAR ON SPAIN

41. FIRST PRIORITY: THE PHILIPPINES
MAY 1, 1898: IN A FEW HOURS, COMMODORE GEORGE DEWEY AND U.S. FAR EAST FLEET DEFEATS SPAIN AT MANILA

42. "IS HE TO BECOME A DESPOT?"

43. DEWEY BROUGHT EXILED FILIPINO REVOLUTIONARY LEADER EMILIO AGUINALDO BACK TO MOBILIZE FILIPINOS TO FIGHT WITH U.S. AGAINST SPAIN
WHICH THEY DID, AND AGUINALDO DECLARED REPUBLIC OF PHILIPPINES
BUT U.S. ANNEXED PHILIPPINES  U.S. PHILIPPINE WAR

45. FIRST U.S. GOVERNOR OF PHILIPPINES, WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT (L); THEN-MAJOR JOHN ("BLACK JACK" PERSHING (R) MAIN MILITARY HERO OF U.S. – PHILIPPINE WAR, WHICH FEATURED:
CONCENTRATION CAMPS
WATERBOARDING (T.R. CONDEMNED AS TORTURE
FORCING MUSLIM PRISONERS TO EAT PORK

46. CUBAN ARENA, ALSO FAST

47. TEDDY ROOSEVELT AND HIS "ROUGH RIDERS" (INSPIRATION FOR THE CUB SCOUTS) – TR GOT VICE-PRESIDENCY AS RESULT (THEN PRESIDENCY)

48. OUR SPHERE OF INFLUENCE

49. TREATY OF PARIS, 1898
Cuba was INDEPENDENT (OF SpaIn)
Spain gave up Puerto Rico and Guam.
The U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the Philippines.
The U. S. WAS an
imperial power!

50. THE ANTI-IMPERIALIST LEAGUE
Founded in 1899.
Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, and William Jennings Bryan among the leaders.
Campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of imperialism.

51. CUBA LIBRE AHORA?
Teller Amendment (1898): PROVISO ON DECLARATION OF WAR: U.S. COULD NOT ANNEX CUBA
Platt Amendment (1903)
Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence.
The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govERNMENt.
Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.
Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

52. 1908 "GENTLEMEN'S AGREEMENT
A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports to laborers entering the U.S.
Japan recognized the U.S. right to exclude Japanese immigrants holding passports issued by other countries.
The U.S. government got the school board of San Francisco TO rescind their order to segregate Asians in separate schools.

53. PUERTO RICO
Foraker Act.
PR became an “unincorporated territory.”
Citizens of PR, not of the US.
Import duties on PR goods
 the Insular Cases.
Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions.
Congress had the power to decide these rights.
Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!

54. 1917 – Jones Act.
Gave full territorial status to PR.
Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US.
PRs elected their own legislators & governor to enforce local laws.
PRs could NOT vote in U.S. presidential elections.
A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the House ("SHADOW" VOTE)

55. 1850: CLAY-BULWER TREATY WITH BRITAIN: NEITHER PARTY WOULD BUILD CANAL ACROSS NICARAGUA (IN EFFECT)
1895: GROVER CLEVELAND AND SECRETARY OF STATE RICHARD OLNEY ATTEMPT TO DICTATE TO BRITAIN ABOUT VENEZUELAN BORDER DISPUTE (U.S. "LAW IS FIAT" IN AMERICAS)  VERY TENSE RELATIONS WITH BRITAIN BUT
BRITAIN'S PROBLEMS W/ GERMANY  "GREAT RAPPROCHEMENT"
PANAMA

56. 1901: HAY-PAUNCEFORT TREATY CEDED U. S
1901: HAY-PAUNCEFORT TREATY CEDED U.S. RIGHT TO BUILD CANAL ACROSS PANAMA (STARTED BY FRENCH LED BY DE LESSUPS, BUT YELLOW FEVER STOPPED THEM)
ONLY PROBLEM = PANAMA WAS PART OF COLOMBIA
NO PROBLEM! HAY-BUNAU-VARILLA TREATY: U.S. WOULD PAY PANAMA FOR CANAL ZONE , PANAMA WOULD BE INDEPENDENT OF COLOMBIA (WHICH WASN'T PARTY TO THE TREATY!)
U.S. TOOK PANAMA, CREATED A NEW COUNTRY THERE, AND GOT THE CANAL ZONE – BIG STICK

57. TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904)
THE PANAMA CANAL
TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904)

58. WE COULD DO IT THANKS TO DR
WE COULD DO IT THANKS TO DR. WALTER REED, WHO FIGURED OUT THAT MOSQUITOS CARRY YELLOW FEVER,

59. ROOSEVELT COROLLARY TO MONROE DOCTRINE
Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power .

60. Speak Softly, But Carry a Big Stick!

61. CHINA – BOXER REBELLION, 1898 – 1901
“SOCIETY OF RIGHTEOUS FISTS OF HARMONY” – ANTI-WESTERN, ANTI-IMPERIALIST
"55 DAYS AT PEKING": BOXERS HELD WESTERN DIPLOMATICS AND MISSIONARIES CAPTIVE IN THE LEGATION DISTRICT FOR 55 DAYS, 1900
RESCUE BY TROOPS OF "EIGHT-NATION GROUP" = EUROPEAN COUNTRIES PLUS U.S. THAT TAKES OVER PEKING

62. IMPERIALISM, PRO AND CON. PAINTING OF U. S
IMPERIALISM, PRO AND CON. PAINTING OF U.S. SOLDIERS VALIANTLY SCALING WALLS OF PEKING, AND POLITICAL CARTOON

63. U.S. SOLDIERS IN PEKING, 1900

64. U.S. OPEN DOOR POLICY IN CHINA, 1899
Secretary John Hay.
Give all nations equal access to trade in China.
Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power – MEANING, NOT JAPAN.

66. U.S. PACIFIC POWER – WAR WITH JAPAN ALMOST INEVITABLE!

67. THE FLEDGLING SUPERPOWER

68. "THE CARES OF A GROWING FAMILY"

69. Constable of the World

70. TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH, NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1905: TEDDY MEDIATED TREATY IN RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR

71. NOBEL PEACE PRIZE (AND SOME MOCKERY) FOR TEDDY
THE U.S. ROLE - AS SEEN IN U.S., AND IN FRANCE

72. THE GREAT WHITE FLEET, 1907: AROUND THE WORLD TO DEMONSTRATE U. S
THE GREAT WHITE FLEET, 1907: AROUND THE WORLD TO DEMONSTRATE U.S. NAVAL POWER

73. 1908 "GENTLEMEN'S AGREEMENT WITH JAPAN
A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports to laborers entering the U.S.
Japan recognized the U.S. right to exclude Japanese immigrants holding passports issued by other countries.
The U.S. government got the school board of San Francisco TO rescind their order to segregate Asians in separate schools.

74. ROOT-TAKAHIRA AGREEMENT, 1908
MUTUAL RECOGNITION OF TERRITORIAL STATUS QUO:
JAPAN RECOGNIZED U.S. CLAIM TO HAWAII
U.S. RECOGNIZED JAPAN'S CLAIM TO MANCHURIA AND KOREA
BUT JAPAN ALSO RECOGNIZED U.S. OPEN-DOOR POLICY IN CHINA
EFFORTS TO EASE TENSIONS WITH JAPAN

75. ELIHU ROOT: SECRETARY OF WAR AND STATE TO T.R., THEN U.S. SENATOR
1912: WON NOBEL PEACE PRIZE FOR ENCOURAGING DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL COURT TO RESOLVE DISPUTES AMONG NATIONS (BUT 1914 – WWI!)

76. THE GREAT WHITE FLEET, 1907: AROUND THE WORLD TO DEMONSTRATE U. S
THE GREAT WHITE FLEET, 1907: AROUND THE WORLD TO DEMONSTRATE U.S. NAVAL POWER

77. Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”
Improve financial opportunities for American businesses.
Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas.
Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests.

78. U.S. FOREIGN INVESTMENTS, 1869 - 1908

79. U.S. EXPORTS AND IMPORTS, 1870-1902

81. WOODROW WILSON'S "MORAL DIPLOMACY"
The U. S. should be the conscience of the world.
Spread democracy.
Promote peace.
Condemn colonialism.

82. WILSON’S MORAL DIPLOMACY IN MEXICO
MEXICAN REVOLUTION, (AGAINST DICTATOR PORFIRIO DIAZ, THEN CIVIL WAR)
1914: WILSON SENT U.S. TROOPS TO VERACRUZ TO PREVENT GERMAN SHIP FROM DELIVERING ARMS TO FORCES OF VICTORIANO HUERTA (ALSO DICTATOR!)
WHY? U.S. CITIZENS OWNED ABOUT 40% OF LAND IN MEXICO
TAMPICO AFFAIR (MINOR NON-DEADLY CONFRONTATION BETWEEN 9 U.S. SAILORS ON WHALEBOAT AND MEXICAN FEDERALES 
WILSON GOT CONGRESS TO AUTHORIZE OCCUPATION OF VERACRUZ (1ST STEP TO ANNEXATION?)

83. ABC CONFERENCE 1914, NIAGARA FALLS, NY (ARGENTINA, BRAZIL, CHILE): SOUTH-AMERICAN COUNTRIES CONDEMN U.S. IMPERIALISM 
ABC PACT (NON-AGRESSION, MEDIATION: U.S. WITHDREW, BUT . . .

84. 1916: U.S. (PERSHING) BACK IN MEXICO TO HUNT DOWN PANCHO VILLA (FOR RAID ON COLUMBUS, N.M.)
PERSHING AND VILLA IN 1914, WHEN WE SUPPORTED HIM – U.S. REMAINED IN MEXICO UNTIL 1917 (WWI!)

86. U. S. Global Investments & Investments in Latin America, 1914
THE MONROE DOCTRINE FULFILLED!

87. U.S. MILITARY INTERVENTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA
AND THAT WAS JUST THE BEGINNING!