1. The Indoor Environment in Green and Non-green Homes Kanistha Chatterjee University of Cincinnati May 29, 2014

2. Presentation Outline Background and Motivation − Cincinnati Green Housing Study Experimental Design − Sampling Methodology − Sample Analysis Preliminary Results

3. Background Villages at Roll Hill has undergone a $36M rehabilitation (Wallick Companies). − Department of Housing and Urban Development − City of Cincinnati − Fay Limited Partnership Largest green renovation of an affordable housing community in the nation to-date − Developers are seeking Silver LEED certification

4. Green Building Renovations Window and door replacement (energy efficient) New roofing and whole house insulation New low volatile organic compound (VOC) carpets, tile, cabinets, countertops, and paint Energy efficient central heating/cooling systems New bathroom exhaust fan Integrated pest management plan New low flow toilets New energy efficient lighting and bulbs Designated parking for low emission vehicles

5. Motivation Exposures and conditions in the home that are known or thought to exacerbate respiratory conditions: – Moisture – Poor heating and ventilation – Environmental tobacco smoke – Carpeting – Pet allergens – Mouse allergens Explore the potential of promoting healthy homes principles − Target one of the most sensitive populations: low-income children with asthma. – Dust mites – Cockroach allergens – Microbial contamination – Pesticides – Nitrogen dioxide (NO) – Combinations of the above

6. Experimental Design 51 units in low-income housing complexes *** all with an asthmatic child (ages 7-12) *** 25 control homes26 green homes Environmental Measurements – Temperature – Relative humidity – Particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) – Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) – Air exchange rate (AER) – Pesticides – Allergens – Fungi (ergosterol, ERMI, Illumina) – Bacteria (454 Pyrosequencing) Health-related Measurements – Blood – Urine – Lung Function Test – Exhaled Nitric Oxide – Respiratory Symptoms – Cold/Flu Assessment

7. Experimental Design Rehabilitation 6 mo.12 mo.BaselineT=0 mo. Green Homes Control Homes

8. Increased Microbial Growth with Higher RH Integrated Pest Management Low VOC Materials Insulation Ventilatio n Decreased Pests Decreased Indoor Chemicals Less Respiratory Tract Inflammation Decrease Asthma Morbidity Green Housing GuidelinesHypothesized Outcomes Increased Microbial Diversity Working Hypotheses

9. Specific Aims 1.Assess indoor environmental quality (IEQ) of green buildings by measuring the temperature, relative humidity, air exchange rates (AER), and the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ergosterol, PM 2.5, pesticides and allergens. The main research questions behind this aim are: i) What impact do these renovation strategies have on the indoor air quality of green-renovated homes? ii) Is there any difference in the indoor air quality of green-renovated vs. non-green homes?

10. Specific Aims 2.Determine the difference in the fungal richness and diversity of dust collected from green-renovated and non-renovated (control) homes, using Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI), 454 Pyrosequencing and Illumina MiSeq. The main goals behind this aim are: i) To determine the difference in moldiness and fungal diversity of dust collected from green and non-green homes, using pyrosequencing. ii) Compare fungal diversity in environmental samples collected from living room floor, child’s bed and air.

11. Specific Aim 1 (IEQ)

12. Hulin et al. Respiratory health and indoor air pollutants based on quantitative exposure assessments. Eur Respir J. 2012;40:1033-1045. Indoor air pollution is a complex mixture –Penetration of outdoor air –Indoor pollutants Combustion products (Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)) Bioaerosols, allergens, molds, endotoxin Source of Indoor Air Pollutants

13. Indoor Air Pollutants and Health Effects Hulin et al. Respiratory health and indoor air pollutants based on quantitative exposure assessments. Eur Respir J. 2012;40:1033-1045.

14. Environmental Measurements Dust sampling –Allergens (dust mite, cockroach, cat, mouse) –Fungi (ERMI, Illumina) –Bacteria (454 Pyrosequencing) –Pesticides –Ergosterol VOCs –Passive diffusion dosimeters Temperature and relative humidity –HOBO® continuous data logger Air exchange rate –Perfluorinated methylcyclohexane (PMCH) Particulate matter –PM2.5 mass concentration –Black carbon mass concentration –Particle number concentration

15. Preliminary Results Home Characteristic Renovation Status P-value RenovatedNon_renovated Baselin e 12m Baseline12mBaseline12m Humidity (%)444142460.60.8 PM 2.5 (μgm -3 )755046400.10.5 Ultrafine Particles (cm -3 )27,00025,38040,00032,5240.2 VOC’s Formaldehyde (mgm -3 )0.040.010.04 Isopropyl Alcohol (μgm -3 )4340.05 Allergens (μgg -1 ) Der p 1 (Dust mite)0.170.030.10 Der f 1 (Dust mite)0.575.110.06 Fel d 1 (Cat)0.400.20 Can f 1 (Dog)0.451.060.20 Mus m 1 (Mice)0.020.070.10 Bla g 2 (Cockroach)0.200.700.06

16. Specific Aim 2 (ERMI)

17. Floor Dust Sampling 1 m 2 m 2 at a rate of 2 min/m 2

18. Floor Dust Sampling Total surface at a rate of 1 min/m 2

19. Sample Analysis 5 mg of sieved dust was extracted and the DNA purified using the DNA-EZ kit (GeneRite, North Brunswick, NJ). The extract was analyzed by MSQPCR (Haugland et al., 2004). Statistical analysis of the differences in concentrations in the dust samples of individual mold species at each time point was evaluated by the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Corrections for multiple comparisons were made using the Holms–Bonferroni test. Haugland RA, Varma M, Wymer LJ, Vesper SJ. Quantitative PCR of selected Aspergillus, Penicillium and Paecilomyces species. Syst Appl Microbiol. 2004;27:198–210.

20. ERMI Patterns over 12 Months

21. Conclusions The baseline data immediately after renovation shows conflicting trends between green- renovated and standard-renovated apartment homes for different indoor pollutants.

22. Acknowledgments Department of Environmental Health (UC) – Tiina Reponen, PhD – Sergey Grinshpun, PhD – Patrick Ryan, PhD – Eric Kettleson, PhD – Reshmi Indugula – Christopher Schaffer National Center for Environmental Health, CDC – Ginger Chew, ScD – Mary Jean Brown, ScD RN Environmental Protection Agency – Stephen Vesper, PhD U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development – Peter Ashley, DrPH

23. Funding U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development CDC Green Housing Study (5UO1EH000990) US EPA