1. M ODULE 4 D ATABASE T UNING AND D ATA LOAD Section 1 Database Tuning and Monitoring 1 ITEC 450 Fall 2012

2. B ULK D ATA I MPORTS AND E XPORTS U SING D ATA P UMP Previously, export (exp) and import (imp) utilities were used to import/export data from a DB Data Pump export (expdp) and import (impdp) utilities are more versatile and much faster Can be executed in parallel, failed/stopped jobs can be restarted, metadata can be filtered out, etc. Exporting/importing is allowed at all logical layers: tables, schemas, groups of objects, or an entire DB You export data and metadata Database exports can used to migrate and upgrade between different versions of Oracle Fall 2012 2 ITEC 450

3. B ULK D ATA I MPORTS AND E XPORTS U SING D ATA P UMP Fall 2012 3 ITEC 450

4. E XPORTING U SING D ATA P UMP Steps: 1. Start a shell and 2. Type expdp help=y 3. Do a simple export expdp classmate/ classpass@oraclass DIRECTORY=dmpdir DUMPFILE=classmate.dmp 4. Create a directory object for Data Pump C/ CREATE OR REPLACE DIRECTORY DP AS 'C:\'; 5. Execute the expdp utility and export expdp system/password@oraclass DIRECTORY=dp DUMPFILE=system. dmp NOLOGFILE=Y 6. Export the CLASSMATE schema expdp system/password@oraclass DIRECTORY=dp DUMPFILE=classmate2. dmp SCHEMAS=('CLASSMATE') NOLOGFILE=Y Fall 2012 4 ITEC 450

5. I MPORTING U SING D ATA P UMP Data Pump is only available to DB- and OS level administrative personnel Older utils. allow exports/imports across a network Are secure because users have to have the schema password names to access schemas Steps: 1. Start a shell 2. Type impdp help=y The most likely use of these utilities are as fast backups and as an easy method of copying DBs IMP and EXP are easier to use than Data Pump, with the same options, just fewer options Fall 2012 5 ITEC 450

6. B ULK D ATA L OADS WITH SQL*L OADER SQL*Loader can perform magnificently in direct path, parallel mode, and using external tables Direct path loads allow appending to tables Some situations will cause single tables and even entire SQL*Loader executions to execute using a conventional path load SQL*Loader is not limited to individual table loads It can load into more than one table at once, considering all constraints SQL*Loader can also perform fast direct loads with external tables Fall 2012 6 ITEC 450

7. B ULK D ATA L OADS WITH SQL*L OADER Fall 2012 7 ITEC 450

8. D IRECT V ERSUS C ONVENTIONAL P ATH L OADS In a conventional path load rows are parsed into an array structure according to field specification, as defined by SQL Loader and table to be added to A direct path is similar to a conventional one; but, load writes data to end of table into new block and extent structures, creating new blocks as it goes Potentially much faster than conventional path loads A parallel direct path load is a variation on a direct path load and is potentially faster than a direct one The external table load creates and loads an external table Fall 2012 8 ITEC 450

9. SQL L OADER I NPUT D ATA F ILES The input data files provide the data loaded in SQL Loader Input data file contents can be fixed-length rows, variable-length rows, or a single stream (string) Input data can consist of a single data file in control file, or a separate data set in the input data file File does not have to exist and that input data can all be included in the control file To avoid confusion, it is best to divide things into the different appropriate files Fall 2012 9 ITEC 450

10. T HE SQL L OADER C ONTROL F ILE Control file contains a mapping between input data and table structures into which data is to be loaded LOAD DATA INFILE 'data\Chapter11\ch11.dat' INTO TABLE client APPEND FIELDS TERMINATED BY "," TRAILING NULLCOLS ( CLIENT_ID INTEGER, FIRST_NAME CHAR(10), LAST_NAME CHAR(20), CONTACT_PHONE CHAR(15), CONTACT_EMAIL CHAR(30) ) The bad rows and discard rows can be defined too BADFILE 'solutions\Chapter11\bad.dat' DISCARDFILE 'solutions\Chapter11\discard.dat' Fall 2012 10 ITEC 450

11. R OW L OADING O PTIONS LOAD DATA INFILE... BADFILE... DISCARDFILE... INTO TABLE table1 [ INSERT | REPLACE | TRUNCATE | APPEND ] FIELDS TERMINATED BY "," TRAILING NULLCOLS ( FIELD1 INTEGER EXTERNAL, FIELD2 INTEGER EXTERNAL,... FIELDn... ) INSERT is the default Fall 2012 11 ITEC 450

12. C OLUMN D ELIMITERS Two examples: LOAD DATA INTO TABLE table1 TRUNCATE ( FIELD1POSITION(001:010) CHAR(10) TERMINATED BY WHITESPACE, FIELD2 POSITION(011:030) CHAR(20) TERMINATED BY WHITESPACE,..., FIELDn... ) LOAD DATA INTO TABLE table1 TRUNCATE FIELDS TERMINATED BY "," TRAILING NULLCOLS ( FIELD1 INTEGER EXTERNAL, FIELD2 INTEGER EXTERNAL,... FIELDn... ) Fall 2012 12 ITEC 450

13. T HE P ARAMETER F ILE SQL*Loader can include a parameter file containing repeated settings, across multiple executions of SQL*Loader USERID = CLASSMATE/CLASSPASS@ORACLASS DISCARDMAX = 2 ERRORS = 1000000 To load your new client rows: sqlldr control= \data\Chapter11\ch11.ctl log= \data\Chapter11\ch11.log parfile= \data\Chapter11\ch11.par Some of the most likely uses of SQL*Loader are to bulk load large amounts of data into a data warehouse, or when importing data from outside, into an existing database Fall 2012 13 ITEC 450

14. E XAMPLES OF P ERFORMANCE I SSUES A query has a response-time problem A query used to run for 5 minutes, now for an hour and still running A tablespace runs out of disk storage space The batch window extends into day Someone submitted a “query from hell” that just won’t stop running, and take away CPU and I/O resources Fall 2012 14 ITEC 450

15. P ERFORMANCE I NFLUENTIAL F ACTORS Workload – a combination of online transactions, batch jobs, ad hoc queries, and other system activities outside of database Throughput – the overall capability of the computer to process data, such as I/O speed Resources – hardware and software tools, such as chips, memory, and database kernel Optimization – query tuning, configuration change Contention – two or more components of the workload are competing a single resource Fall 2012 15 ITEC 450

16. D ATABASE P ERFORMANCE T UNING Database performance tuning can be defined as the optimization of resource use to increase throughput and minimize contention, enabling the largest possible workload to be processed. Identify the most troublesome areas Application tuning – 80% of database performance problems are from poorly coded SQL or application logic Database system tuning areas: Memory allocation (buffer/cache for data) Logging option (log cache, log size, log switch) I/O efficiency (data contention, fragmentation) Enabled features (parallelism, query rewrite) Fall 2012 16 ITEC 450

17. P ERFORMANCE M ANAGEMENT C OMPONENTS Monitoring – scanning the environment to collect performance information Analysis – analyzing collected information to identify problem Correction - modifying problematic behaviors Fall 2012 17 ITEC 450

18. S ERVICE -L EVEL M ANAGEMENT SLM is the disciplined methodology and procedures used to ensure adequate levels of services are delivered A service level is a measure of operational behavior. SLM focus on mainly availability, sometimes performance. 99.9% uptime from 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM weekdays Average response time for the transaction will be two seconds or less for workloads of 500 or fewer users All involved parties, DBA and users, have to agree the service levels on stated objectives for availability and performance. Fall 2012 18 ITEC 450

19. DBMS P ERFORMANCE B ASICS Do not over-tune – stop tuning when performance reaches a pre-defined service level Remain focused – don’t tune multiple things at once Do not panic – “I don’t know, but I’ll find out.” Communicate clearly – keep users informed with progress, and coordinate discussions among all involved parties Accept reality – Proactive is the goal, but reality is often that dealing with problems as they occur. Fall 2012 19 ITEC 450

20. M ODULE 4 D ATABASE T UNING Section 2 Managing and Monitoring Oracle Database 20 ITEC 450 Fall 2012

21. P ROACTIVE D ATABASE M ONITORING Alerts are used to monitor the database when particular metric thresholds are crossed, or can issue simply because an event has occurred. For each alert, you can set critical and warning threshold Default server-generated alerts: CPU Time Per Call (warning at 8000 ms, critical at 10,000 ms) Table space usage (warning at 85% full, critical at 97% full) SQL Service Response Time Recovery Area Space Usage Fall 2012 21 ITEC 450

22. Fall 2012 22 ITEC 450 O RACLE E NTERPRISE M ANAGER

23. M ANAGING A LERTS Using Oracle Enterprise Manager Warning and critical thresholds Response action, setting notification rules Read Chapter 10 in Oracle 2 Day DBA; and Chapter 5 in Oracle 2 Day DBA Tuning Guide Using DBMS_SERVER_ALERT Package Use DBMS_SERVER_ALERT.GET_THRESHOLD, SET_THRESHOLD SQL> connect sys/password as sysdba; SQL> desc dbms_server_alert SQL> select reason from dba_outstanding_alerts; SQL> select reason, resolution from dba_alert_history; Metrics and alerts information – v$sysmetric, v$servicemetric, v$sysmetric_history Information about alert types – v$alert_types SQL> select distinct object_type from v$alert_types Fall 2012 23 ITEC 450

24. A LERTS S ECTION OF OEM Fall 2012 24 ITEC 450

25. A UTOMATIC W ORKLOAD R EPOSITORY (AWR) AWR automatically collects and stores database performance statistics relating to problem detection and tuning. A temporary in-memory collection of statistics in the SGA, accessible through dynamic views – v$sysstat, v$sessstat, v$session, v$session_wait, etc. A persistent type of performance data, access by data dictionary views – dba_users, dba_source, dba_errors, etc. By default, AWR generates snapshots once every hour, and retains the statistics for 8 days. Read Chapter 3 in Oracle 2 Day DBA Tuning Guide Fall 2012 25 ITEC 450

26. Fall 2012 26 ITEC 450 M ETRICS P AGE FROM AWR

27. AWR R EPORTS Oracle provides a script generate summary reports: Top five timed events Wait events and latch activity Time-model statistics Buffer pool and PGA statistics and advisories SQL> @C:\app\Administrator\product\11.2.0\ dbhome_1\RDBMS\ADMIN\awrrpt.sql; Type Specified: html Enter value for num_days: 1 Enter value for begin_snap: 84 Enter value for end_snap: 89 A report is generated under: C:\app\Administrator\product\11.2.0\dbhome_1\BIN. The file name can be specified or default. Fall 2012 27 ITEC 450

28. A CTIVE S ESSION H ISTORY (ASH) Oracle also provides statistics for all active sessions every second, instead of AWR with 60 minutes by default. Current active session data – v$session, v$active_session_history SQL> select username, status, sid, serial#, program from v$session 2 where username is not null; SQL> select sample_time, session_id, event, module from v$active_session_history 2 where user_id = (select user_id from dba_users where username = 'SYSTEM'); Read Chapter 4 in Oracle 2 Day DBA Tuning Guide Fall 2012 28 ITEC 450

29. A UTOMATIC D ATABASE D IAGNOSTIC M ONITOR ADDM identifies performance problems, and recommends actions, after the AWR takes a new snapshot. ADDM diagnoses problems such as: Expensive SQL statements I/O performance issues Resource bottlenecks, including memory and CPU bottlenecks ADDM findings and recommendations Finding types – problem, symptom, and informational Recommendations – actions for each problem finding Fall 2012 29 ITEC 450

30. M ANAGING ADDM Using Oracle Enterprise Manager Performance findings of the stored ADDM reports Using DBMS_ADVISOR Package CREATE_TASK – creates a new advisor task SET_DEFAULT_TASK – modifies default values of parameters within a task DELETE_TASK – deletes a specific task from the repository GET_TASK_REPORT – Displays the most recent ADDM report Using Oracle Provided Script SQL> @ C:\app\Administrator\product\11.2.0\dbhome_1\ RDBMS\ADMIN \addmrpt.sql; A report is generated under: C:\app\Administrator\product\11.2.0\dbhome_1\BIN by default. The file name should start with addmrpt. Fall 2012 30 ITEC 450

31. M ANAGEMENT A DVISORY F RAMEWORK The advisors help in the performance tuning, identifying bottlenecks and suggesting optimal sizes for key database resources. Memory advisor – recommendations regarding the optimal sizing of the SGA and PGA. Tuning-related advisors SQL tuning advisor – analyzing complex SQL statements and recommending way to improve performance SQL access advisor – advising on creating new indexes, materialized views, or materialized view logs. Space-Related advisors – segment advisor, undo advisor Fall 2012 31 ITEC 450