1. Positioning and PLC

2. Product Differentiation Most competitive advantages lasts only a short time. Companies therefore constantly need to think up new value adding features and benefits to win the attention and interest of choice rich, price prone consumers.

3. Differentiation It is the act of designing a set of meaningful differences to distinguish the company’s offering from competitors.

4. How can you differentiate? Differentiation can be done in various ways depending on the industry and product category. Differentiation can occur in one or more of these areas – product, services, personnel, channel, image.

5. Product Differentiation Form Features Performance Conformance Quality Durability Reliability Repairability Style Design

6. Services Differentiation Ordering Ease Delivery Installation Customer Training Maintenance and repair Miscellaneous services

7. Personnel Differentiation Competence Courtesy Credibility Reliability Responsiveness Communication

8. Channel Differentiation Trade Direct

9. Image Differentiation Identity – what the company wants to project Image – what the public perceive Image can be enhanced by using, symbols, media, atmosphere, events and employee behaviour

10. Relevant Differentiation Differentiation must be meaningful and relevant to the consumer. So it should satisfy the following criteria  Important  Distinctive  Superior  Preemptive  Affordable  profitable

11. USP This should be exclusive to the product and make a significant relevant impact to the consumer

12. Positioning The act of designing the company’s offering and image to occupy a distinctive place in the consumer’s mind. Positioning normally takes one position in the mind. More than one, the company runs the risk of customer credibility and dilution of positioning

13. Positioning Strategies Attribute Benefit Use or application User Competitor Product category Price/quality

14. PLC Products have a limited life Product sales pass through distinct stages Profits rise and fall at different stages of the PLC Product require different strategies in each stage of the PLC

15. The Product Life Cycle Time Sales or Profits Growth Maturity Decline Introduction Profit curve Sales curve

16. Strategies - Introduction Skimming the market Penetrating the market Must have sufficient resources to withstand the initial losses and heavy promotion costs Incremental selling efforts at this stage is highest

17. The competitive cycle Pioneer Introduction Growth of Industry Excess capacities High Inventories Reduction In margins New entrants discouraged Existing companies consolidate Weaker companies withdraw Pioneer increases share

18. Strategies - Growth Improves quality and adds features Adds new models and variants Enters new market segments Increases distribution coverage and adds new channels Shifts communication from awareness to preference building Scale economies enable it to lower prices to attract the next level of price conscious buyers

19. Strategies - Maturity Most products are in this stage Price wars are inevitable. Scramble for market share The fittest survive Market modification, product modification, marketing mix modification can help extend the maturity stage

20. Strategies - Decline Withdrawal Rationalisation of products Harvesting whatever is possible Divesting the product

21. Market Evolution Emergence Growth Maturity Decline