1. 1 II. Sewer Networks and Facilities Topic II.3. Sewer Pipes: Kinds, Joints, Foundation. Sewer Network Design Sewer Pipes Profiles: §Normal (b/h  1) l Circular l Trapezoidal l Square §High (b/h < 1) l Egg-shaped l Ellipsoidal l Oval l Horseshoe §Low (b/h > 1) l Mouth-shaped l Rectangular §Combined

2. 2 Sewer Pipes Sewer Pipes Profiles: a - circular б - egg-shaped (inverted) b - egg-shaped г - mouth-shaped д - square e - trapezoidal

3. 3 Sewer Pipes Sewer Pipes Materials: §Concrete, Reinforced concrete, Prestressed concrete §Ceramics §Asbestos cement §Cast iron §Steel §Plastics - PVC, PE, PP, reinforced with fibre-glass §Resins - epoxy resin, reinforced with fibre-glass

4. 4 Sewer Pipes

5. 5

6. 6

7. 7 Sewer Pipes Plastic Pipes

8. 8 Sewer Pipes Joints Reinforced Concrete Pipes 1 - putty; 2 - cement putty; 3 - muff; 4 - resin rope

9. 9 Sewer Pipes Joints a - Ceramic pipes; б - Cast iron; b, г - Reinforced concrete 1 - plastic gasket; 2, 3, 4 - rubber gasket

10. 10 Sewer Pipes Foundation a - on grounds with strength p > 1,5 kg/cm 2 and pipes with D = 0,6 - 3,5 m б - on grounds with strength p < 1,5 kg/cm 2 and pipes with D = 0,8 - 2,5 m b - on embankments

11. 11 Sewer Pipes Foundation a - on saturated (wet) stable grounds; б - on unstable grounds 1 - base drainage layer; 2 - concrete pillow; 3 - drainage pipes; 4 - reinforced concrete plate; 5 - piles

12. 12 Sewer Pipes Foundation Reinforced Concrete Pipes with Heel 1 - cement coat; 2 - cement layer; 3 - concrete foundation

13. 13 Sewer Networks Design Determination of the Minimal Sewer Pipeline Depth 1 - street regulation line; 2 - the most remote yard manhole H = h + i(l + L) - (z 1 - z 2 ) + D - d

14. 14 Sewer Networks Design Principles of the Sewer Pipes Joining a - water levels alignment; б - pipes inverts alignment; b - pipes bottoms alignment (at CSO only); г, д - sewer pipe branches joining the mains

15. 15 Sewer Networks Design

16. 16 Sewer Networks Design Underground Infrastructure Allocation 1 - electricity cables; 2 - telephone cables; 3 - gas pipes; 4 - water supply pipes; 5 - sanitary sewer pipes; 6 - street inlets; 7 - drainage pipe

17. 17 Sewer Networks Design Installation Gallery 1 - drainage pipe 2 - central heating mains 3 - telephone cables 4 - consoles 5 - prefabricated reinforced concrete panels 6 - concrete foundation

18. 18 Sewer Networks Design