1. Recording, Summarising and Posting Transactions
Chapter 4
Recording, Summarising and Posting Transactions

2. Source Documents What type of source documents Petty cash vouchers
Cheques Received (lodgements)
Cheque Stubs (payments)
Wage, salary and payroll records.
These records are recorded so that the business knows what they owe people and who owes the business money.
These documents are recorded in the books of prime entry.
Due to the volume of document they are summarised in the books of prime entry and then posted to the general ledger accounts.

3. Books of Prime Entry
Book of prime entry Documents Recorded Summarised and posted to
Sales day book Sales Inv, credit note Receivable ledger/control ac
Purchase day bk Pur Inv,credit note rec Payables ledger/control ac
Cash Book Cash paid and rec General Ledger
Petty Cash Book Notes/coin paid/rec General Ledger
Journal Adjustments General Ledger

4. Question
State which book of prime entry the following transactions would be entered into.
Your business pays J Sunderland (a supplier) €6,200
You send Hall & Co (a customer) an invoice for €1,320
You receive an invoice from J Sunderland for €1,750
You pay Hall & Co €1,000
Sarti (a customer) returns goods to the value of €100
You return goods to Elphick & Co to the value of €2,400
Sarti pays you €760

5. Posting to the ledger Trace diagram on page 57. Personnel
Small Company – small number of people recording accounts
Large Company – greater amount of people recording accounts. Separation of departments, segregation of duties to prevent fraud. In other words the person sending out the sales invoices will not be receiving the cheque from the client. The individual could invoice the client and lodge cheque into their own account.

6. Accounts Dept A receivable ledger controller A credit controller
A payables ledger controller
An assistant accountant
A payroll controller
A management accountant
A financial accountant
A financial controller – to supervisor all other accounting staff.

7. Payables ledger controller
The petty cash will be managed by the payables ledger controller and must be authorised by the accountant.
The payables ledger controller will prepare cheques for payment after checking that:
There is a purchase order for the goods
The correct goods were received (GRN)
They were received in good condition (any faults should be detailed on Delivery note)
The invoice is correct – correct quantities, price, vat calculation.

8. Main Books of Prime Entry
The main books of prime entry are:
Sales day book
Purchase day book
Journal
Cash book
Petty cash book

10. Sales day book
The sales day book is a list of all invoices sent out to customers each day.
The sales ledger reference is the reference of the page that the customer is on in the sales ledger. In a computerised accounting system this will be an account name, e.g. University of Limerick (as a customer) might have an account called UL02.
There may be further analysis columns in the sales day book for difference types of sales. For example, in a car sales showroom might have sales of private vehicles and sales of commercial vehicles under different columns.

11. Sales Returns Day Book
When customers return goods due to faults etc, the returns are recorded in the sales returns day book.
The sales returns book looks mush the same as the sales book

12. Purchases Day Book
Entered into the system once the invoice comes from supplier
A debit to the income statement (purchases) and the credit to the payables ledger and payables ledger control account.
A computerised system will update all accounts
When the supplier statement arrives the supplier account balance can be checked against it.
The payables ledger control account must be reconciled to the payables ledger.

13. Purchases Returns day book
The purchase returns day book is kept to record credit notes received in respect of goods which the business sends back to its suppliers. The business might expect a credit note from the supplier. In the mean time it might issue a debit note to the supplier, indicating the amount by which the business expects its total debt to the supplier to be reduced.
See extract from purchase returns day book Pg 59.

14. Cash Book
The cash book is a book of prime entry, used to keep a cumulative record of money received and money paid out by the business via its bank account.
Could be money received on the premises such as cash sales and cash or cheques received from debtors. Also recorded in the cash book will be amounts going through the bank which you may not know about until you receive the bank statement. These will be items such as bank transfers, bank charges or interest.
The cash book may be recorded in a book on a page divided in two. On the left side (debit ) the income will be recorded and on the right side (credit) the payments will be recorded.

17. Recording Receipts Batching Transactions
When a business receives a large number of receipts, it is often a good idea to split them up into manageable batches of transactions, and to process each batch.
Checking Receipts from credit customers against the invoice
When money is received from a credit customer, the receipt should be matched with the invoice that the customer is paying. Sometimes, a customer might pay several invoices at the same time.

18. Cash Book The details are entered into the cash book as follows:
Date – this is the date the money is received
Reference - this might be the name of the customer or might say cash or credit sale
Total – This will be the total amount received
Debtors – If the receipt is a receipt from a credit customer then the total amount should be entered in to the debtors column. The amount will not be analysed out to sales and VAT as this has been done already when the sale was made. It was recorded already in the sales book and should not be recorded again in the cash book.

19. Cash Book
Cash Sales – If the receipt is for cash sales, the total amount received is shown in the Total column. The cash sales column is used to record the amount of the sales excluding VAT.
VAT – This column is used to record any VAT received for anything except credit sales invoices. If it is a cash sale the total will go to the total column the vat amount will go to the vat column and the net amount in the cash sale column.
The reason for recording VAT on cash sales here as this is the first time the VAT on the sale is recorded.
Other - This might be interest on deposit account or bank loan
Settlement Discount – This is a memorandum record of the discount allowed for early payment. This is totalled and posted to the discount allowed account in the ledger.

20. Example The following amounts were received on 19 October 2006
Payment of invoice number 69 by BL Lorries (account number S239), total €4,700
Payment of invoice number 70 by MA Meters (account number S314), total €2,820. A settlement discount of €40 was taken by this customer.
Payment of invoice number 78 by Tanktop Limted (account number A205), total €3,100.
A cash sale of €1,175 including VAT at 17.5%
Task: Write up the cash receipts book and total each of the columns.

21. Example
Date
Ref
Total
Debtors
Cash Sales
VAT
Discounts Allowed
BL Lorries
4,700
MA Meters
2,820 40
TankTop
3,100
Cash Sale
1,175
1,000
175
11,795
10,620

22. Balancing the Cash Book
If at the beginning of the day there was a cash balance of €900 (debit balance), during the day there were receipts of €2,490 and payments of €2,610 what is the balance at the end of the day?
Opening balance 900
Receipts 2,490
3,390
Payments (2,610)
Closing Balance
The balance c/d at the end of the day is €780 and the balance b/f to the following day is €780. see pg 62.

23. Discounts, Rebates and allowanes
Trade Discounts- Bulk buying
Cash Discounts – Prompt payment
Accounting for trade discount
A trade discount is a reduction in the amount of money demanded from a customer.
A cash discount is an optional reduction in the amount payable by a customer.
The decision to take advantage of a cash discount is a financing decision.

24. Accounting for Cash Discount
Kathy buys goods from Nick for €1,200. She will receive a discount for payment within two weeks. Show the entries made in Nick’s accounts.
Invoice originally entered Dr Debtors €1,200
Cr Sales €1,200
Record Discount
Dr Discount Allowed €100
Cr Debtors €100
Record Cash Receipt
Dr Cash €1,100
Cr Debtors €1,100

25. Bank Statements
The banks statements will be received on a regular basis. The cash book should be reconciled to the bank statement to ensure no monies have gone missing.

27. Petty Cash Book
The petty cash book is the book of prime entry which keeps a cumulative record of the small amounts of cash received into and paid out of the cash float.
The cash is used for small purchases such as milk and biscuits, taxi or bus fares.
The amount held in cash day one will be the float. At any one time the amount of receipts and cash remaining should total to the original float. The float will be topped up from time to time and the amount it will be topped up by will equal the amount of receipts in the petty cash box. This system is called the imprest system.

29. Double Entry Bookkeeping
Business Entity Concept
Dual Effect
Accounting Equation
Separate Entity
Ledger Accounting
Assets = Capital + Liabilities
Record from
Business Viewpoint
Debit
Credit
Closing Balances
Trial Balance
Adjustments
Financial Statements

30. Chapter 4 Business is a separate entity from its owner
Transactions are always recorded from the business’ point of view

31. The Dual Effect Principle
Debit
Credit
 asset
 asset
 liability
 liability
 expenditure
 expenditure
 income
 income
 drawings
 capital
Debit
Credit
E A
R L
Expense
Revenue (Income)
Asset
Liability

32. The Dual Effect Principle
Every transaction has two equal effects.
Transactions recorded via ledger accounts
A ledger account
Debit
(Dr)
Name of account e.g. sales, bank
Credit (Cr)
Date
Narrative $
Date
Narrative $

33. Double Entry Bookkeeping
Summary of steps to record a transaction
Identify the two accounts affected
Whether accounts are being increased or decreased
Decide whether each account should be debited or credited
General rule - debit the receiving account
- credit the giving account.
Check debit = credit

34. Recording Transactions
To record a cash payment
Dr Expense account
Cr Cash Account
To record a cash Receipt
Dr Cash Account
Cr Income/Sales Account

35. Question (a) A cash sale (ie a receipt) of €60.
(b) Payment of a rent bill totalling €4,500
(c) Buying some goods for cash at €3,000
(d) Buying some shelves for cash at €6,000
Create the T accounts to record these transactions

36. Credit Transactions Credit Sales Dr Debtors Cr Sales
When money is received
Dr Bank/Cash
Cr Debtors
Credit Purchases
Dr Purchases/Expenses
Cr Creditors

37. Credit Transactions When the money is paid out Dr Creditors
Cr Bank/Cash

38. Questions Bought Machine on credit from A, cost €8,000
Bought goods on credit from B, cost €500
Sold goods on credit to C, value €1,200
Paid D (a supplier) €300
Collected €180 from E, a customer
Paid wages €4,000
Received rent bill of €700 from landlord G
Paid rent of €700 to landlord G
Paid insurance premium €90

39. Question Opening balances: VAT Dr €500, Bank €10,000
Sales on credit to T Wilde €1,000 excluding vat
Purchases of goods on credit €500 excluding vat
Received advertisement bill from news paper €200
Sold goods Cash €1200 including VAT
Purchased Van €4,000 on credit including VAT
Paid wages €1,000 out of bank
Paid Advertising bill €200
Approved for loan from bank €10,000 lodged to bank
Paid rent including VAT €2,000 out of bank account
Received refund of VAT from previous return of €500.
Draw up T Accounts and balance off.

40. Questions
Your business, which is not registered for sales tax, has the following transactions.
The sale of goods on credit
Credit notes to credit customers upon return of faulty goods
Daily cash takings paid into the bank
Task
For each transaction identify clearly the following:
The original documents
The book of prime entry for the transaction
The way in which the data will be incorporated into the double entry system