1. EGEE 102 – Energy Conservation And Environmental Protection Appliances

2. EGEE 102 - Pisupati2 Energy Consumption for Appliances (1997) 1192 Billion kWh total residential use 134 Billion kWh for refrigerators ($12.14 Billion) 549 Billion kWh for other appliances and lighting (48.44)

3. EGEE 102 - Pisupati3 Water Heater $288.00 Freezer/Frostless $136.80 Refrigerator $118.80 Waterbed $86.40 House Lighting $72.00 Clothes Dryer $59.76 Electric Range $45.36 Dishwasher $23.04

4. EGEE 102 - Pisupati4 Energy Guides EnergyGuide labels be placed on all new refrigerators, freezers, water heaters, dishwashers, clothes washers, room air conditioners, heat pumps, furnaces, and boilers. refrigeratorsfreezerswater heaters dishwashersclothes washersroom air conditionersheat pumpsfurnaces, and boilers EnergyGuide labels show the estimated yearly electricity consumption to operate the product along with a scale for comparison among similar products

5. EGEE 102 - Pisupati5 Energy Guide What is it ? How to use it? See class worksheet

6. EGEE 102 - Pisupati6 Water Heaters Water heating is the third largest energy expense in your home. It typically accounts for about 14% of your utility bill. A family of four, each showering for 5 minutes a day, uses 700 gallons of water a week; this is enough for a 3-year supply of drinking water for one person.

7. EGEE 102 - Pisupati7 Heat Transfer Heat transfer is proportional to the temperature difference I.e. 120F – 50 F (ambient temperature) Whether we use water or not heat is continuously flowing from the pipes to the room

8. EGEE 102 - Pisupati8 Energy Required to heat Water Q= m x C p x (Temperature Difference) M= mass C p = Heat capacity (1 Btu/lb.F) 700 gal/wk x 8.3 lb/gal x (120-56) =371840 Btus =109 kWh/wk or 5667 kWh per year $385

9. EGEE 102 - Pisupati9 Storage Tank Water Heaters When you turn on a hot water faucet or use hot water in a dishwasher or clothes washer, water pipes draw hot water from the tank.

10. EGEE 102 - Pisupati10 Electric vs. Gas Electric water heaters are generally less expensive to install than gas- fired types because they don't require venting. But unless you live in a region where electricity is unusually affordable, an electric water heater can be significantly more expensive to operate.

11. EGEE 102 - Pisupati11 Energy Savings-Water Heaters REDUCE WATER TEMPERATURE Recall that heat flow is a function of  T If T = 100°F, this is adequate for clothes washing and bathing. T = 100°F may be too low for satisfactory operation of some dishwashers. (But some new models of dishwashers may supply auxiliary heat to the water.)

12. EGEE 102 - Pisupati12 Energy Saving-Water Heaters INSULATE WATER TANK (AND HOT WATER PIPES) Substantial saving in monthly energy bill by double layer of fiberglass insulation on water tank. The heat loss from the water tank contributes to space heating ?! Depends on design of home and location of water tank.

13. EGEE 102 - Pisupati13 Energy Savings - Water Heaters REDUCE CONSUMPTION Flow restricting heads for showers, sinks Shut off water heater at certain times AUXILIARY SOURCES OF HOT WATER Sometimes one can install a heat exchanger in flue of furnace or auxiliary wood burner

14. EGEE 102 - Pisupati14 On-Demand Water Heaters Hot water never runs out (low demand) Will not leak or rupture Reduce water heating costs as much as 20-30% Heats only the water you use, at the temperature you desire Cold water is not required to regulate temperature Maintains its 99.5% efficiency throughout its lifespan Average lifespan is 20 years vs. a 10 year lifespan for a standard tank heater Scaling and rusting will not occur Hot water, forever!

15. EGEE 102 - Pisupati15 Operating Principle One of the most powerful electric tankless water heaters on the market, this 22KW, four element water heater is configured for cold climates where the incoming water temperature can drop below 50° F. http://www.e-tankless.com/products.php

16. EGEE 102 - Pisupati16 Type of Solar Water Heaters Active Systems Open-Loop Active Systems Closed-Loop Active Systems Passive Systems Thermo-Siphon Systems Batch Heaters Heart of all solar heating systems: SOLAR COLECTOR!!!

17. EGEE 102 - Pisupati17 Solar Collectors flat-plate, evacuated-tube and concentrating.

18. EGEE 102 - Pisupati18 Evacuated Tube Collector

19. EGEE 102 - Pisupati19 Factors for sizing a Solar Collector Your local annual average solar insolation level.solar insolation level Average daily hot water usage volume Daily hot water usage pattern (mostly mornings, mostly evenings) Average mains water temperature Annually/daily shade patterns Angle/direction of installation (a less than ideal angle will reduce efficiency) Installation site (Do you have enough room for 2+ collectors?)

20. EGEE 102 - Pisupati20 Solar Water Heater A thermosyphon-type solar water heater has an insulated water storage tank mounted above flat plate solar collectors The collectors transfer heat from the sun to an antifreeze collector fluid. Whenever hot water is used, solar heated water is drawn from the storage tank into the electric water heater http://energyoutlet.com/res/waterheat/thermosyphon.gif Is this active or passive system?

21. EGEE 102 - Pisupati21 Solar Heating http://www.focus- solar.com/index.ht mhttp://www.focus- solar.com/index.ht m http://www.focus- solar.com/insolatio n.htmhttp://www.focus- solar.com/insolatio n.htm http://www.warmwater.com/eco.htm

22. EGEE 102 - Pisupati22 Refrigerator Heat Mover COP Work Low temperature Reservoir High Temperature Reservoir

23. EGEE 102 - Pisupati23 Components of a Refrigerator There are five basic parts to any refrigerator Compressor Heat-exchanging pipes - serpentine or coiled set of pipes outside the unit Expansion valve Heat-exchanging pipes - serpentine or coiled set of pipes inside the unit Refrigerant - liquid that evaporates inside the refrigerator to create the cold temperatures

24. EGEE 102 - Pisupati24 How a Refrigerator Works? The compressor compresses the ammonia gas. The compressed gas heats up as it is pressurized. The coils on the back of the refrigerator let the hot ammonia gas dissipate its heat. The ammonia gas condenses into ammonia liquid at high pressure. The high-pressure ammonia liquid flows through the expansion valve. The liquid ammonia immediately boils and vaporizes (light blue), its temperature dropping to -27 F. This makes the inside of the refrigerator cold. The cold ammonia gas is sucked up by the compressor, and the cycle repeats. Ammonia boils at -27F

25. EGEE 102 - Pisupati25 Gas and Propane Refrigerator

26. EGEE 102 - Pisupati26 Energy Efficiency Federal efficiency standards took effect in 1993, requiring new refrigerators to be more efficient than ever before. The energy bill for a typical new refrigerator with automatic defrost and top-mounted freezer will be about $55/year, whereas a typical model sold in 1973 will cost nearly $160/year.

27. EGEE 102 - Pisupati27 Why Buy An Energy Efficient Refrigerator? Uses the most electricity of all your kitchen appliances and accounts for as much as 15 percent of a home's total energy usage. A typical refrigerator costs about $1,140 to operate over its lifetime. Refrigerators made to meet the latest DOE standards (which will take effect in 2001) will cut consumers' energy costs by 30 percent compared to the previous (1993) standards.

28. EGEE 102 - Pisupati28 Side-by-side Consumes more energy

29. EGEE 102 - Pisupati29 Top Mounted Type More efficient- consumes less energy (13%) than side by side design

30. EGEE 102 - Pisupati30 Efficiency of a Refrigerator The efficiency of a refrigerator is expressed in "volume cooled per unit electric energy per day." Volume is measured in cubic feet and electrical energy is measured in kilowatthours

31. EGEE 102 - Pisupati31 Efficiency of an Average New Refrigerator in the United States

32. EGEE 102 - Pisupati32 Technology improvements addition of vacuum insulation panels around freezer section to reduce heat transfer, addition of polyurethane foam to the doors to double insulation thickness, replacement of AC motors with more efficient DC motors, and replacement of automatic defrost control with an adaptive defrost that operates only when needed

33. EGEE 102 - Pisupati33 Fridge of the Future uses half as much energy as today's refrigerator- freezers (RFs) and one-fifth as much as 1972 models: the 1 kilowatt-hour per day refrigerator. http://www.ornl.gov/ORNL/BTC/adv-rf-tech.htm

34. EGEE 102 - Pisupati34 Energy Savings Cuts power consumption to 0.93 kWh/day, a performance that exceeds the 2001 energy standard and that would save $6.5 billion annually if all the 125 million RFs in the U.S. operated as efficiently

35. EGEE 102 - Pisupati35 Good Operating Practices Don't put the refrigerator near a heat source - an oven, the dishwasher or direct sunlight from a window. Make sure air can circulate around the condenser coils. Leave a space between the wall or cabinets. Keep your refrigerator's coils clean. Brushing or vacuuming the coils can improve efficiency by as much as 30 percent. Check door seals to make sure they are airtight. To test them, close the door on a dollar bill and try to pull it out. If the dollar slides out easily, kiss that dollar away because you're wasting energy and money by letting cold air leak out!

36. EGEE 102 - Pisupati36 Check the temperature - a fridge that is 10 degrees colder than necessary can use 25 percent more energy. Refrigerators should be kept between 35 and 38 degrees - freezers at 0 degrees Fahrenheit. A full refrigerator retains cold better than an empty one. Open the door as little as possible. Get in and out quickly.

37. EGEE 102 - Pisupati37 Regularly defrost manual-defrost models. Frost buildup increases the amount of energy needed to keep the motor running. Allow hot foods to cool before refrigerating or freezing. Get rid of that older, energy-hogging second refrigerator in your garage! One large refrigerator is cheaper to run than two smaller ones.

38. EGEE 102 - Pisupati38 Clothes Washers There are two designs: top-loading front-loading. A typical household does nearly 400 loads of laundry per year, using about 40 gallons of water per full load with a conventional washer

39. EGEE 102 - Pisupati39 Why Energy Efficient Models? You could save as much as 7,000 gallons of water per year. You are saving all the energy that would have been needed to heat that water. This adds up to savings for you and a big boost for the environment.

40. EGEE 102 - Pisupati40 How are they Energy Efficient? Top loading horizontal -axis or tumble- action machines repeatedly lift and drop clothes, instead of moving clothes around a central axis. Top-loading washers use sensor technology to closely control the incoming water temperature. To reduce water consumption, they spray clothes with repeated high-pressure rinses to remove soap residues rather than soaking them in a full tub of rinse water.

41. EGEE 102 - Pisupati41 Energy Star Washers A full-size ENERGY STAR® clothes washer uses 20-25 gallons per load Nearly 50 percent less water and 30%- 40% less energy used per load Washer design causes less wear and tear on clothes Bulky items such as blankets fit easily in the super capacity basket. Better water extraction means less dryer time, for further energy savings

42. EGEE 102 - Pisupati42 washers are most efficient when they are fully loaded

43. EGEE 102 - Pisupati43 Dishwashers- Features Child-safety locks Construction materials Cycles and temperature settings Energy use Controls Countdown timer Clean light Soil sensors Delay-start

44. EGEE 102 - Pisupati44 Types of Dishwashers Built in Type Portable dishwashers

45. EGEE 102 - Pisupati45 Operation Principle

46. EGEE 102 - Pisupati46 Energy Efficiency

47. EGEE 102 - Pisupati47 Dish Washers ENERGY STAR® dishwashers save electricity and hot water by using both improved technology for the primary wash cycle, and by using less hot water to clean. Construction includes energy efficient motors, and other advanced technology such as sensors that determine the length of the washing cycle and the temperature of the water necessary to clean the dishes.